Results of a 13 week safety assurance study with rats fed grain from glyphosate tolerant corn
Abstract
The current study presents the results of a 13 week feeding study in rats with grain from Roundup Ready corn which is tolerant to the herbicide glyphosate. Herbicide tolerance was accomplished through the introduction of cp4 epsps coding sequences into the corn genome for in planta production of CP4 EPSPS enzymes. Unlike related corn EPSPS enzymes, CP4 EPSPS enzymes are not inhibited by the herbicide glyphosate. Purina TestDiets formulated Roundup Ready corn grain into rodent diets at levels of 11 and 33% (w/w). The responses of rats fed diets containing Roundup Ready corn grain were compared to that of rats fed diets containing non-transgenic grain (controls). All diets were nutritionally balanced and conformed to Purina Mills, Inc. specifications for Certified LabDiet 5002. There were 400 rats in the study divided into 10 groups of 20 rats/sex/group. Overall health, body weight, food consumption, clinical pathology parameters (hematology, blood chemistry, urinalysis), organ weights, gross and microscopic appearance of tissues were comparable between groups fed diets containing Roundup Ready and control corn grain. This study complements extensive agronomic, compositional and farm animal feeding studies with Roundup Ready corn grain, confirming it is as safe and nutritious as existing commercial corn hybrids.
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The NK603 GM maize used in this study is engineered to overexpress a modified version of Agrobacterium tumefaciens EPSPS, allowing R tolerance.
“A cause of the effects of the effects could be that the NK603 GM maize used in this study is engineered to overexpress a modified version of the Agrobacterium tumefaciens 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) (Hammond et al., 2004) allowing the R tolerance.”
From RETRACTED: Long term toxicity of a Roundup herbicide and a Roundup-tolerant genetically modified maize (2012) · cites this paper as Hammond et al., 2004
Our study design was based on that of the Monsanto investigation in order to make the two experiments comparable, but we extended the period of observation from Monsanto's 90 days to 2 years.
“Our study design was based on that of the Monsanto investigation in order to make the two experiments comparable, but we extended the period of observation from Monsanto's 90 days to 2 years.”
From Republished study: long-term toxicity of a Roundup herbicide and a Roundup-tolerantgenetically modified maize (2014) · cites this paper as [3]
Our findings show that the differences in multiple organ functional parameters seen from the consumption of NK603 GM maize for 90 days escalated over 2 years into severe organ damage in all types of test diets.
“Our findings show that the differences in multiple organ functional parameters seen from the consumption of NK603 GM maize for 90 days [3,7] escalated over 2 years into severe organ damage in all types of test diets.”
From Republished study: long-term toxicity of a Roundup herbicide and a Roundup-tolerantgenetically modified maize (2014) · cites this paper as [3]
We used the Sprague-Dawley strain of rat, as recommended for chronic toxicology tests by the National Toxicology Program in the USA, and as used by Monsanto in its 90-day study.
“We used the Sprague-Dawley strain of rat, as recommended for chronic toxicology tests by the National Toxicology Program in the USA [31], and as used by Monsanto in its 90-day study [3].”
From Republished study: long-term toxicity of a Roundup herbicide and a Roundup-tolerantgenetically modified maize (2014) · cites this paper as [3]
A detailed analysis of the data in the subchronic toxicity studies has revealed statistically significant alterations in kidney and liver function that may constitute signs of the early onset of chronic toxicity.
“A detailed analysis of the data in the subchronic toxicity studies [2–5] has revealed statistically significant alterations in kidney and liver function that may constitute signs of the early onset of chronic toxicity.”
From Republished study: long-term toxicity of a Roundup herbicide and a Roundup-tolerantgenetically modified maize (2014) · cites this paper as [3]
The previous toxicity study with NK603 maize employed only this GM crop that had been sprayed with R during cultivation.
“The previous toxicity study with NK603 maize employed only this GM crop that had been sprayed with R during cultivation [3].”
From Republished study: long-term toxicity of a Roundup herbicide and a Roundup-tolerantgenetically modified maize (2014) · cites this paper as [3]
Our data show that the signs of liver and kidney toxicity seen at 90 days from consumption of NK603 GM maize escalate into severe disease over an extended period.
“Our data show that the signs of liver and kidney toxicity seen at 90 days from the consumption of NK603 GM maize [3,7] do indeed escalate into severe disease over an extended period.”
From Republished study: long-term toxicity of a Roundup herbicide and a Roundup-tolerantgenetically modified maize (2014) · cites this paper as [3]
The conclusion of the Monsanto authors that the initial indications of organ toxicity found in their 90-day experiment were not biologically meaningful is not justifiable.
“They also show that the conclusion of the Monsanto authors [3] that the initial indications of organ toxicity found in their 90-day experiment were not ‘biologically meaningful’ is not justifiable.”
From Republished study: long-term toxicity of a Roundup herbicide and a Roundup-tolerantgenetically modified maize (2014) · cites this paper as [3]
A cause of the ill effects resulting from NK603 GM maize alone observed in this study could be the fact that it is engineered to overexpress a modified version of the Agrobacterium tumefaciens EPSPS-CP4, which confers R tolerance.
“A cause of the ill effects resulting from NK603 GM maize alone observed in this study could be the fact that it is engineered to overexpress a modified version of the Agrobacterium tumefaciens 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS-CP4) [3], which confers R tolerance.”
From Republished study: long-term toxicity of a Roundup herbicide and a Roundup-tolerantgenetically modified maize (2014) · cites this paper as [3]
The variety of GM maize used in this study was judged by industry and regulators as being substantially equivalent to the corresponding non-GM closest isogenic line.
“This is despite the fact that the variety of GM maize used in this study was judged by industry and regulators as being substantially equivalent to the corresponding non-GM closest isogenic line [3,30].”
From Republished study: long-term toxicity of a Roundup herbicide and a Roundup-tolerantgenetically modified maize (2014) · cites this paper as [3]
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“Similarly, disruption of biosynthetic pathways that may result from overexpression of the EPSPS transgene in the GM NK603 maize can give rise to comparable pathologies that may be linked to abnormal or unbalanced phenolic acids metabolites, or related compounds.”
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- Authors
- Hammond, B., Dudek, R., Lemen, J., & Nemeth, M.
- Corresponding author
- Hammond, B
- Venue
- Food and Chemical Toxicology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2004-06
- Volume
- 42
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1003-1014
- ISSN
- 0278-6915 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2158306630
- Cited by
- 124
- References
- 29
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 5.08
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Food and Chemical Toxicology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Agriculture
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Genetically Modified Organisms Research
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Agricultural safety and regulations
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › Carcinogens and Genotoxicity Assessment
- Keywords
- glyphosate tolerance, CP4 EPSPS, herbicide-tolerant crops, safety assurance, long-term dietary exposure, rats, clinical pathology, organ weight, histopathology, food safety
- MeSH terms
- Glyphosate, Animals, Animal Feed, Body Weight, Zea mays, Drug Tolerance, Female, Glycine, Hematologic Tests, Hematology, Herbicides, Male, Safety, Urinalysis, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Plants, Genetically Modified, Food, Genetically Modified, Rats
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