The DOI matches its Crossref record; 66 of the 66 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Inflammation and insulin resistance
Open accessAbstract
Obesity‐induced chronic inflammation is a key component in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and the Metabolic syndrome. In this review, we focus on the interconnection between obesity, inflammation and insulin resistance. Pro‐inflammatory cytokines can cause insulin resistance in adipose tissue, skeletal muscle and liver by inhibiting insulin signal transduction. The sources of cytokines in insulin resistant states are the insulin target tissue themselves, primarily fat and liver, but to a larger extent the activated tissue resident macrophages. While the initiating factors of this inflammatory response remain to be fully determined, chronic inflammation in these tissues could cause localized insulin resistance via autocrine/paracrine cytokine signaling and systemic insulin resistance via endocrine cytokine signaling all of which contribute to the abnormal metabolic state.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Evidence indicates that inflammation causes insulin resistance”
From Inflammageing: chronic inflammation in ageing, cardiovascular disease, and frailty (2018) · cites this paper as [281]
In the citing paper
“The intake of flavonols and flavones was not correlated with plasma concentrations of CRP or IL-6 in healthy women (BMI 25•8-26•2 kg/m 2 ) (801) .”
From Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity (2011) · cites this paper as [801]
In the citing paper
“Several cytokines and chemokines, such as CCL2, IL-6, IL-1β, macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), and TNF-α, can be released by adipocytes and macrophages (83)(84)(85).”
From Insulin sensitivity: Modulation by nutrients and inflammation (2008) · cites this paper as [83]
In the citing paper
“Adipocytes are the unique source of secreted adipokines such as leptin and adiponectin, which can promote insulin sensitivity, as well as resistin and retinol-binding protein 4 (RBP4), which can impair insulin sensitivity (83)(84)(85).”
From Insulin sensitivity: Modulation by nutrients and inflammation (2008) · cites this paper as [83]
In the citing paper
“Consistent with this, elevated levels of the proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-6, and C-reactive protein (CRP) have been shown in individuals with insulin resistance and diabetes (for review, see refs.[83][84][85].”
From Insulin sensitivity: Modulation by nutrients and inflammation (2008) · cites this paper as [83]
In the citing paper
“NO suppresses the TLR4-mediated inflammation and ROS production by inactivating IkB kinase-β/nuclear factor-κB (IκκB/NF-κβ) [9,63]”
From NO-Rich Diet for Lifestyle-Related Diseases (2015) · cites this paper as [63]
Citations
Cites
Obesity is associated with macrophage accumulation in adipose tissue
Weisberg, S. P., McCann, D., Desai, M., Rosenbaum, M., Leibel, R. L., & Ferrante, A. W. (2003) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci200319246 · Cited by 10,041
Adipose Expression of Tumor Necrosis Factor-α: Direct Role in Obesity-Linked Insulin Resistance
Hotamisligil, G. S., Shargill, N. S., & Spiegelman, B. M. (1993) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.7678183 · Cited by 7,518
Xu, H., Barnes, G. T., Yang, Q., Tan, G., Yang, D., Chou, C. J., Sole, J., Nichols, A., Ross, J. S., Tartaglia, L. A., et al. (2003) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci200319451 · Cited by 6,760
Ford, E. S., Giles, W. H., & Dietz, W. H. (2002) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.287.3.356 · Cited by 6,698
Obesity induces a phenotypic switch in adipose tissue macrophage polarization
Lumeng, C. N., Bodzin, J. L., & Saltiel, A. R. (2007) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci29881 · Cited by 4,664
Toll-like receptor control of the adaptive immune responses
Iwasaki, A., & Medzhitov, R. M. (2004) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/ni1112 · Cited by 4,166
Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Links Obesity, Insulin Action, and Type 2 Diabetes
Özcan, U., Cao, Q., Yilmaz, E., Lee, A.-H., Iwakoshi, N. N., Özdelen, E., Tuncman, G., Görgün, C., Glimcher, L. H., & Hotamisligil, G. S. (2004) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1103160 · Cited by 3,844
TLR4 links innate immunity and fatty acid-induced insulin resistance
Shi, H., Kokoeva, M. V., Inouye, K., Tzameli, I., Yin, H., & Flier, J. S. (2006) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci28898 · Cited by 3,690
Hotamisligil, G. S., Arner, P., Caro, J. F., Atkinson, R. L., & Spiegelman, B. M. (1995) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci117936 · Cited by 3,543
Obesity and the Metabolic Syndrome in Children and Adolescents
Weiss, R., Dziura, J., Burgert, T. S., Tamborlane, W. V., Taksali, S. E., Yeckel, C. W., Allen, K., Lopes, M., Savoye, M., Morrison, J. A., et al. (2004) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa031049 · Cited by 3,495
A central role for JNK in obesity and insulin resistance
Hirosumi, J., Tuncman, G., Chang, L., Görgün, C. Z., Uysal, K. T., Maeda, K., Karin, M., & Hotamisligil, G. S. (2002) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature01137 · Cited by 3,359
Critical nodes in signalling pathways: insights into insulin action
Taniguchi, C. M., Emanuelli, B., & Kahn, C. R. (2006) · Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/nrm1837 · Cited by 2,760
Kanda, H. (2006) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci26498 · Cited by 2,682
Hotamisligil, G. S., Peraldi, P., Budavari, A., Ellis, R., White, M. F., & Spiegelman, B. M. (1996) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.271.5249.665 · Cited by 2,630
Elevated C-reactive protein levels in overweight and obese adults
Visser, M. (1999) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.282.22.2131 · Cited by 2,494
Özcan, U., Yilmaz, E., Özcan, L., Furuhashi, M., Vaillancourt, E., Smith, R. O., Görgün, C. Z., & Hotamisligil, G. S. (2006) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1128294 · Cited by 2,413
Local and systemic insulin resistance resulting from hepatic activation of IKK-β and NF-κB
Cai, D., Yuan, M., Frantz, D. F., Melendez, P. A., Hansen, L., Lee, J., & Shoelson, S. E. (2005) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm1166 · Cited by 2,245
Protection from obesity-induced insulin resistance in mice lacking TNF-α function
Uysal, K. T., Wiesbrock, S. M., Marino, M. W., & Hotamisligil, G. S. (1997) · Nature · doi:10.1038/39335 · Cited by 2,234
Impaired Mitochondrial Activity in the Insulin-Resistant Offspring of Patients with Type 2 Diabetes
Petersen, K. F., Dufour, S., Befroy, D., Garcia, R., & Shulman, G. I. (2004) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa031314 · Cited by 2,193
Macrophage-specific PPARγ controls alternative activation and improves insulin resistance
Odegaard, J. I., Ricardo-Gonzalez, R. R., Goforth, M. H., Morel, C. R., Subramanian, V., Mukundan, L., Eagle, A. R., Vats, D., Brombacher, F., Ferrante, A. W., et al. (2007) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature05894 · Cited by 2,107 · cited 2×
“The M2 classification involves cells that express arginase and the anti-inflammatory cytokine Il- 10 and have a high capacity to repair damaged tissue [ 52 ].”
BackgroundYuan, M., Konstantopoulos, N., Lee, J., Hansen, L., Li, Z.-W., Karin, M., & Shoelson, S. E. (2001) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1061620 · Cited by 1,884
IKK-β links inflammation to obesity-induced insulin resistance
Arkan, M. C., Hevener, A. L., Greten, F. R., Maeda, S., Li, Z.-W., Long, J. M., Wynshaw-Boris, A., Poli, G., Olefsky, J., & Karin, M. (2005) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm1185 · Cited by 1,773
Self-citationThe anti-inflammatory agents aspirin and salicylate inhibit the activity of IκB kinase-β
Yin, M.-J., Yamamoto, Y., & Gaynor, R. B. (1998) · Nature · doi:10.1038/23948 · Cited by 1,596
Anatomy and regulation of the central melanocortin system
Cone, R. D. (2005) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn1455 · Cited by 1,583
Yu, C., Chen, Y., Cline, G. W., Zhang, D., Zong, H., Wang, Y., Bergeron, R., Kim, J. K., Cushman, S. W., Cooney, G. J., et al. (2002) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m200958200 · Cited by 1,561
CCR2 modulates inflammatory and metabolic effects of high-fat feeding
Weisberg, S. P., Hunter, D., Huber, R., Lemieux, J., Slaymaker, S., Vaddi, K., Charo, I., Leibel, R. L., & Jr., A. W. F. (2006) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci24335 · Cited by 1,497
CCR2 modulates inflammatory and metabolic effects of high-fat feeding
Weisberg, S. P. (2006) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci24335c1 · Cited by 1,425
Tumor Necrosis Factor α: A Key Component of the Obesity-Diabetes Link
Hotamışlıgil, G. S., & Spiegelman, B. M. (1994) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diab.43.11.1271 · Cited by 1,353
Macrophage Polarization Comes of Age
Mantovani, Sica, & Locati, M. (2005) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2005.10.001 · Cited by 1,259 · cited 1×
“M1 cells express inflammatory cytokines and the cell surface marker Cd11c [41,53].”
BackgroundMonocyte chemoattractant protein 1 in obesity and insulin resistance
Sartipy, P., & Loskutoff, D. J. (2003) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1133870100 · Cited by 1,229
Lumeng, C. N., DeYoung, S. M., Bodzin, J. L., & Saltiel, A. R. (2007) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db06-1076 · Cited by 1,016
Aguirre, V., Werner, E. D., Giraud, J., Lee, Y. H., Shoelson, S. E., & White, M. F. (2002) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m101521200 · Cited by 1,010
Interleukin-10 Therapy—Review of a New Approach
Asadullah, K., Sterry, W., & Volk, H. (2003) · Pharmacological Reviews · doi:10.1124/pr.55.2.4 · Cited by 941
Kamei, N., Tobe, K., Suzuki, R., Ohsugi, M., Watanabe, T., Kubota, N., Ohtsuka-Kowatari, N., Kumagai, K., Sakamoto, K. Q., Kobayashi, M., et al. (2006) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m601284200 · Cited by 916
SOCS-1 and SOCS-3 block insulin signaling by ubiquitin-mediated degradation of IRS1 and IRS2
Rui, L., Yuan, M., Frantz, D., Shoelson, S., & White, M. F. (2002) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.c200444200 · Cited by 904
Prevention of fat-induced insulin resistance by salicylate
Kim, J. K., Kim, Y.-J., Fillmore, J. J., Chen, Y., Moore, I., Lee, J., Yuan, M., Li, Z. W., Karin, M., Perret, P., et al. (2001) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci11559 · Cited by 737
CAP defines a second signalling pathway required for insulin-stimulated glucose transport
Baumann, C. A., Ribon, V., Kanzaki, M., Thurmond, D. C., Mora, S., Shigematsu, S., Bickel, P. E., Pessin, J. E., & Saltiel, A. R. (2000) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35025089 · Cited by 660
Stephens, J. M., Lee, J., & Pilch, P. F. (1997) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.272.2.971 · Cited by 553
Perreault, M., & Marette, A. (2001) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm1001-1138 · Cited by 550
Ruan, H., Hacohen, N., Golub, T. R., Parijs, L. V., & Lodish, H. F. (2002) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.51.5.1319 · Cited by 543
Differential Effects of Interleukin-6 and -10 on Skeletal Muscle and Liver Insulin Action In Vivo
Kim, H.-J., Higashimori, T., Park, S.-Y., Choi, H., Dong, J., Kim, Y.-J., Noh, H.-L., Cho, Y.-R., Cline, G., Kim, Y.-B., et al. (2004) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.53.4.1060 · Cited by 534
Interleukin-10 Signaling Blocks Inhibitor of κB Kinase Activity and Nuclear Factor κB DNA Binding
Schottelius, A. J. G., Mayo, M. W., Sartor, R. B., & Baldwin, A. S. (1999) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.274.45.31868 · Cited by 526
Hevener, A. L., Olefsky, J. M., Reichart, D., Nguyen, M. T. A., Bandyopadyhay, G., Leung, H.-Y., Watt, M. J., Benner, C., Febbraio, M. A., Nguyen, A.-K., et al. (2007) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci31561 · Cited by 459
Self-citationBruun, J. M., Helge, J. W., Richelsen, B., & Stallknecht, B. M. (2005) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00506.2005 · Cited by 437
Di Gregorio, G. B., Yao-Borengasser, A., Rasouli, N., Varma, V., Lu, T., Miles, L. M., Ranganathan, G., Peterson, C. A., McGehee, R. E., & Kern, P. A. (2005) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.54.8.2305 · Cited by 362
Low Production Capacity of Interleukin-10 Associates With the Metabolic Syndrome and Type 2 Diabetes
van Exel, E. R., Gussekloo, J., de Craen, A. J. M., Frölich, M., Wiel, A. B. D., & Westendorp, R. G. J. (2002) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.51.4.1088 · Cited by 356
Functional in vivo interactions between JNK1 and JNK2 isoforms in obesity and insulin resistance
Tuncman, G., Hirosumi, J., Solinas, G., Chang, L., Karin, M., & Hotamisligil, G. S. (2006) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0603509103 · Cited by 350
Raised Interleukin‐6 Levels in Obese Patients
Roytblat, L., Rachinsky, M., Fisher, A., Greemberg, L., Shapira, Y., Douvdevani, A., & Gelman, S. (2000) · Obesity Research · doi:10.1038/oby.2000.86 · Cited by 346
Lee, J. S., Pinnamaneni, S. K., Eo, S. J., Cho, I. H., Pyo, J. H., Kim, C. K., Sinclair, A. J., Febbraio, M. A., & Watt, M. J. (2005) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01438.2005 · Cited by 325
Free Fatty Acid Impairment of Nitric Oxide Production in Endothelial Cells Is Mediated by IKKβ
Kim, F., Tysseling, K. A., Rice, J., Pham, M., Haji, L., Gallis, B. M., Baas, A. S., Paramsothy, P., Giachelli, C. M., Corson, M. A., et al. (2005) · Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/01.atv.0000160549.60980.a8 · Cited by 307
Straczkowski, M., Dzienis-Straczkowska, S., Stêpieñ, A., Kowalska, I., Szelachowska, M., & Kinalska, I. (2002) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2002-020135 · Cited by 280
S-Nitrosation of the Insulin Receptor, Insulin Receptor Substrate 1, and Protein Kinase B/Akt
Carvalho-Filho, M. A., Ueno, M., Hirabara, S. M., Seabra, A. B., Carvalheira, J. B. C., de Oliveira, M. G., Velloso, L. A., Curi, R., & Saad, M. J. A. (2005) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.54.4.959 · Cited by 277
Functional heterogeneity in liver and lung macrophages
Laskin, D. L., Weinberger, B. I., & Laskin, J. D. (2001) · Journal of Leukocyte Biology · doi:10.1189/jlb.70.2.163 · Cited by 273
S-Nitrosylation-dependent Inactivation of Akt/Protein Kinase B in Insulin Resistance
Yasukawa, T., Tokunaga, E., Ota, H., Sugita, H., Martyn, J. A. J., & Kaneki, M. (2005) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m411871200 · Cited by 265
Inouye, K. E., Shi, H., Howard, J. K., Daly, C. H., Lord, G. M., Rollins, B. J., & Flier, J. S. (2007) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db07-0425 · Cited by 252
On the Treatment of Glycosuria and Diabetes Mellitus with Sodium Salicylate
Williamson, R. T. (1901) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.1.2100.760 · Cited by 208
The Modulation of Inflammatory Gene Expression by Lipids: Mediation through Toll-like Receptors
Lee, J. Y., & Hwang, D. H. (2006) · Molecules and Cells · doi:10.1016/s1016-8478(23)12877-9 · Cited by 196
IV. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease abnormalities in macrophage function and cytokines
Diehl, A. M. (2002) · American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpgi.00384.2001 · Cited by 178
G Alpha-q/11 Protein Plays a Key Role in Insulin-Induced Glucose Transport in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes
Imamura, T., Vollenweider, P., Egawa, K., Clodi, M., Ishibashi, K., Nakashima, N., Ugi, S., Adams, J. W., Brown, J. H., & Olefsky, J. M. (1999) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.19.10.6765 · Cited by 174
Self-citationKey Role for Ceramides in Mediating Insulin Resistance in Human Muscle Cells
Pickersgill, L., Litherland, G. J., Greenberg, A. S., Walker, M., & Yeaman, S. J. (2007) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m611157200 · Cited by 150
Cloning and Functional Expression of mCCR2, a Murine Receptor for the C-C Chemokines JE and FIC
Kurihara, T., & Bravo, R. (1996) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.271.20.11603 · Cited by 129
Sugita, H., Fujimoto, M., Yasukawa, T., Shimizu, N., Sugita, M., Yasuhara, S., Martyn, J. A. J., & Kaneki, M. (2005) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m411226200 · Cited by 125
Bone marrow–specific Cap gene deletion protects against high-fat diet–induced insulin resistance
Lesniewski, L. A., Hosch, S. E., Neels, J. G., de Luca, C., Pashmforoush, M., Lumeng, C. N.-K., Chiang, S.-H., Scadeng, M., Saltiel, A. R., & Olefsky, J. M. (2007) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm1550 · Cited by 114
Self-citationStressed out about obesity and insulin resistance
de Luca, C., & Olefsky, J. M. (2006) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm0106-41 · Cited by 101
Self-citationUsui, I., Imamura, T., Huang, J., Satoh, H., & Olefsky, J. M. (2003) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m208904200 · Cited by 89
Self-citationCarvalho-Filho, M. A., Ueno, M., Carvalheira, J. B. C., Velloso, L. A., & Saad, M. J. A. (2006) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00422.2005 · Cited by 84
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Solinas G. Vilcu C. Neels J.G. Luo J.-L. Naugler W. Olefsky J.M. and Karin M. (2007) JNK in macrophages plays a key role in the development of obesity-induced insulin resistance in: Proceedings of Keystone Symposium: Metabolic Syndrome and Cardiovascular Disease Steamboat Springs CO.
- deLuca C. Saberi M. Schenk S. Lu J.-C. Castorena C. Greenberg A.W. and Olefsky J.M. (2007) Myeloid-derived Toll-like receptor 4 (Tlr4) is required for high fat diet induced hepatic insulin resistance in: Proceedings of Keystone Symposium: Metabolic Syndrome and Cardiovascular Disease Steamboat Springs CO.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Inflammageing: chronic inflammation in ageing, cardiovascular disease, and frailty
Ferrucci, L., & Fabbri, E. (2018) · Nature Reviews Cardiology · doi:10.1038/s41569-018-0064-2 · Cited by 3,690
Association between insulin resistance and the development of cardiovascular disease
Ormazábal, V., Nair, S., Elfeky, O. W. M., Aguayo, C. R., Salomón, C., & Zuñiga, F. A. (2018) · Cardiovascular Diabetology · doi:10.1186/s12933-018-0762-4 · Cited by 2,432
Cornier, M.-A., Dabelea, D., Hernandez, T. L., Lindstrom, R. C., Steig, A. J., Stob, N. R., Van Pelt, R. E., Wang, H., & Eckel, R. H. (2008) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/er.2008-0024 · Cited by 2,162
Metformin improves healthspan and lifespan in mice
Martin-Montalvo, A., Mercken, E. M., Mitchell, S. J., Palacios, H. H., Mote, P. L., Scheibye-Knudsen, M., Gomes, A. P., Ward, T. M., Minor, R. K., Blouin, M.-J., et al. (2013) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms3192 · Cited by 1,445
Molecular inflammation: Underpinnings of aging and age-related diseases
Chung, H. Y., Cesari, M., Anton, S., Marzetti, E., Giovannini, S., Seo, A. Y., Carter, C., Yu, B. P., & Leeuwenburgh, C. (2009) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2008.07.002 · Cited by 1,203
Metadata
- Authors
- de Luca, C., & Olefsky, J. M.
- Affiliations
- University of California San Diego (US)
- Corresponding author
- Olefsky, Jerrold M.
- ORCID
- Olefsky, Jerrold M.
- Venue
- FEBS Letters
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2007-11-29
- Volume
- 582
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 97-105
- ISSN
- 0014-5793 (ISSN-L)
- 1873-3468
- PMC
- PMC2246086
- OpenAlex
- W2031882974
- Cited by
- 1,161
- References
- 66
- Citations by year
- 2026: 56 · 2025: 68 · 2024: 54 · 2023: 83 · 2022: 82 · 2021: 83 · 2020: 68 · 2019: 64 · 2018: 73 · 2017: 69 · 2016: 58 · 2015: 56 · 2014: 40 · 2013: 65 · 2012: 58
- FWCI
- 5.45
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- FEBS Letters (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (DK 074868, DK 033651, T32DK007494, R37DK033651, DK007494, P01DK074868)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (U54HD012303)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Adipose Tissue and Metabolism
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Disease and Adiposity
- Keywords
- insulin resistance, obesity, chronic inflammation, metabolic syndrome, inflammatory cytokines, adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, liver, insulin signaling, macrophages, autocrine and paracrine signaling
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Inflammation, Insulin Resistance, Signal Transduction
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
