Enhancer and promoter interactions—long distance calls
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In metazoans, enhancers of gene transcription must often exert their effects over tens of kilobases of DNA. Over the past decade it has become clear that to do this, enhancers come into close proximity with target promoters with the looping away of intervening sequences. In a few cases proteins that are involved in the establishment or maintenance of these loops have been revealed but how the proper gene target is selected remains mysterious. Chromatin insulators had been appreciated as elements that play a role in enhancer fidelity through their enhancer blocking or barrier activity. However, recent work suggests more direct participation of insulators in enhancer-gene interactions. The emerging view begins to incorporate transcription activation by distant enhancers with large scale nuclear architecture and subnuclear movement.
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Enhancers are often located at a considerable distance from their target genes, and it is believed they function by recruiting specific chromatin remodeling factors that promote the formation of chromatin loops, bringing the enhancer and promoter into close proximity.
“As enhancers are often located at a considerable distance from their target genes, it is believed they function by recruiting specific chromatin remodeling factors that promote the formation of chromatin loops, bringing the enhancer and promoter into close proximity [178].”
From Genetic architecture of Alzheimer's disease (2020) · cites this paper as [178]
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- Authors
- Krivega, I., & Dean, A.
- Affiliations
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Corresponding author
- Dean, Ann
- Venue
- Current Opinion in Genetics & Development
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2012-04
- Volume
- 22
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 79-85
- ISSN
- 0959-437X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3342482
- OpenAlex
- W2116584178
- Cited by
- 225
- References
- 65
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 24 · 2014: 30 · 2013: 22 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 1.84
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Current Opinion in Genetics & Development (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (ZIADK015508, ZIADK075033)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Genomics and Chromatin Dynamics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Chromatin Remodeling and Cancer
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Nuclear Structure and Function
- Keywords
- enhancer-promoter interactions, enhancer looping, chromatin insulators, enhancer blocking, long-range transcriptional regulation, nuclear organization
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Enhancer Elements, Genetic, Humans, Models, Genetic, Promoter Regions, Genetic, Transcriptional Activation, RNA, Untranslated
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