Remote control of gene transcription
Abstract
In this review, we look at the most recent studies of DNA elements that function over long genomic distances to regulate gene transcription and will discuss the mechanisms genes employ to overcome the positive and negative influences of their genomic neighbourhood in order to achieve accurate programmes of expression. Enhancer elements activate high levels of transcription of linked genes from distal locations. Recent technological advances have demonstrated chromatin loop interactions between enhancers and their target promoters. Moreover, there is increasing evidence that these dynamic interactions regulate the repositioning of genes to foci of active transcription within the nucleus. Enhancers have the potential to activate a number of neighbouring genes over a large chromosomal region, hence, their action must be restricted in order to prevent activation of non-target genes. This is achieved by specialized DNA sequences, termed enhancer blockers (or insulators), that interfere with an enhancer's ability to communicate with a target promoter when positioned between the two. Here, we summarize current models of enhancer blocking activity and discuss recent findings of how it can be dynamically regulated. It has become clear that enhancer blocking elements should not be considered only as structural elements on the periphery of gene loci, but as regulatory elements that are crucial to the outcome of gene expression. The transcription potential of a gene can also be susceptible to heterochromatic silencing originating from its chromatin environment. Insulator elements can act as barriers to the spread of heterochromatin. We discuss recent evidence supporting a number of non-exclusive mechanisms of barrier action, which mostly describe the modulation of chromatin structure or modification.
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Conformational chromatin changes can regulate the transcription of several genes.
“In support of that possibility, studies have shown that conformational chromatin changes can regulate the transcription of several genes31.”
From The histone deacetylase HDAC11 regulates the expression of interleukin 10 and immune tolerance (2009) · cites this paper as [31]
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- Authors
- West, A. G., & Fraser, P.
- Affiliations
- Western Infirmary (GB)
- Corresponding author
- West, Adam G.
- Venue
- Human Molecular Genetics
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2005-04-15
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- suppl_1
- Pages
- R101-R111
- ISSN
- 0964-6906 (ISSN-L)
- 1460-2083
- OpenAlex
- W2170211828
- Cited by
- 302
- References
- 113
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 13
- FWCI
- 3.29
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Human Molecular Genetics (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- ENLIGHTEN (Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling Islam) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Genomics and Chromatin Dynamics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Chromatin Remodeling and Cancer
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Chromosomal and Genetic Variations
- Keywords
- enhancers, insulators, chromatin looping, enhancer-promoter interactions, gene expression regulation, heterochromatin silencing, chromatin structure, chromatin modification, long-range gene regulation
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Chromatin, DNA, Enhancer Elements, Genetic, Gene Expression Regulation, Heterochromatin, Humans, Models, Biological, Models, Genetic, Promoter Regions, Genetic, Transcription, Genetic
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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