Embryonal Fyn-associated substrate (EFS) and CASS4: The lesser-known CAS protein family members
Open accessAbstract
The CAS (Crk-associated substrate) adaptor protein family consists of four members: CASS1/BCAR1/p130Cas, CASS2/NEDD9/HEF1/Cas-L, CASS3/EFS/Sin and CASS4/HEPL. While CAS proteins lack enzymatic activity, they contain specific recognition and binding sites for assembly of larger signaling complexes that are essential for cell proliferation, survival, migration, and other processes. All family members are intermediates in integrin-dependent signaling pathways mediated at focal adhesions, and associate with FAK and SRC family kinases to activate downstream effectors regulating the actin cytoskeleton. Most studies of CAS proteins to date have been focused on the first two members, BCAR1 and NEDD9, with altered expression of these proteins now appreciated as influencing disease development and prognosis for cancer and other serious pathological conditions. For these family members, additional mechanisms of action have been defined in receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) signaling, estrogen receptor signaling or cell cycle progression, involving discrete partner proteins such as SHC, NSP proteins, or AURKA. By contrast, EFS and CASS4 have been less studied, although structure-function analyses indicate they conserve many elements with the better-known family members. Intriguingly, a number of recent studies have implicated these proteins in immune system function, and the pathogenesis of developmental disorders, autoimmune disorders including Crohn's disease, Alzheimer's disease, cancer and other diseases. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of EFS and CASS4 protein function in the context of the larger CAS family group.
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Cas proteins are critically involved in the regulation of focal adhesions.
“Cas proteins are best known for their critical involvement in the regulation of focal adhesions (Deneka et al., 2015; Singh et al., 2008)”
From Alzheimer’s genetic risk factor CASS4 controls microglial focal adhesion biology and amyloidosis (2026) · cites this paper as Deneka et al., 2015
Little is currently known about CASS4 biology or its role in neurological health and disease.
“Despite CASS4 being increasingly linked to AD risk in humans (EADB et al., 2026; Lambert et al., 2013; Lin et al., 2017; Ramos de Matos et al., 2018; Schwartzentruber et al., 2021; Wang et al., 2015b), little is currently known about CASS4 biology or its role in neurological health and disease.”
From Alzheimer’s genetic risk factor CASS4 controls microglial focal adhesion biology and amyloidosis (2026) · cites this paper as Deneka et al., 2015
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Bond, C., Nancarrow, D. J., Wockner, L. F., Wallace, L. M., Montgomery, G. W., Leggett, B., & Whitehall, V. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0091739 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Decreased expression of EFS is correlated with the advanced prostate cancer
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NSP-CAS Protein Complexes: Emerging Signaling Modules in Cancer
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Identification of an Efs isoform that lacks the SH3 domain and chromosomal mapping of human Efs
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Bandyopadhyay, C., Veettil, M. V., Dutta, S., & Chandran, B. (2014) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.01674-14 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
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Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- [25]EntrezGene EFS gene http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/10278 2015
- [26]EntrezGene CASS4 gene http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/57091 2015
- [99]JFC Combination of gene targeting and substrate trapping to identify substrates of protein tyrosine phosphatases using PTP-PEST as a model Biochemistry 1998 37 38 13128 37 9748319
Cited by
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- Authors
- Deneka, A., Korben, V. A., & Golemis, E. A.
- Affiliations
- Fox Chase Cancer Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Golemis, Erica A.
- Venue
- Gene
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2015-10
- Volume
- 570
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 25-35
- ISSN
- 0378-1119 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4519417
- OpenAlex
- W806055413
- Cited by
- 33
- References
- 96
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 4 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 1
- FWCI
- 0.27
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- Locations
- Gene (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- NCI Core (P30 CA006927)
- NCI (CA181287)
- Russian Government
- Russian Ministry of Science and Education (17.1891.2014/K)
- National Institutes of Health (GM089820)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Immunology and Allergy › Cell Adhesion Molecules Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Protein Kinase Regulation and GTPase Signaling
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases
- Keywords
- adaptor proteins, integrin signaling, focal adhesions, focal adhesion kinase, Src family kinases, actin cytoskeleton, receptor tyrosine kinase signaling, estrogen receptor signaling, cell cycle progression, immune function, autoimmune disease, cancer, developmental disorders, Alzheimer's disease, Crohn's disease
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Autoimmune Diseases, Humans, Immunity, Cellular, Phosphoproteins, Signal Transduction, Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing
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