Longitudinal effects of depression on glycemic control in veterans with Type 2 diabetes
Abstract
Objectives To examine the longitudinal effects of depression on glycemic control in veterans with Type 2 diabetes.Methods Data on 11,525 veterans with Type 2 diabetes were analyzed. A person-period dataset for each subject to cover 3-month intervals (36 time intervals) from April 1997 to March 2006 was created. Subjects were classified as depressed based on ICD-9 codes for depression. General linear mixed model regression was used to examine changes over time in HbA(1c) levels and whether the changes from baseline were different in depressed and nondepressed diabetic veterans, sequentially adjusting for baseline age, demographic variables and comorbidities (coronary heart disease, stroke and hypertension). Pooled t-tests were used to compare unadjusted mean HbA(1c) at each time point across the depressed and nondepressed groups. SAS was used for statistical analysis.Results Ninety-seven percent were men, 48% were white, 27% were blacks and 25% were other. Mean age was 66 years and mean follow-up period was 4.1 years. Six percent (696/11,525) of the sample had diagnosed depression. Unadjusted mean HbA(1c) values were significantly higher in depressed vs. nondepressed subjects at all time points. The adjusted mean HbA(1c) values over time in the final mixed model were significantly higher in depressed vs. nondepressed subjects (mean difference of 0.13; 95% CI [0.03; 0.22]; P=.008). In all adjusted models, differences in mean HbA(1c) values were significantly higher in depressed vs. nondepressed subjects with Type 2 diabetes.Conclusion This study of veterans with Type 2 diabetes demonstrates that there is a significant longitudinal relationship between depression and glycemic control as measured by HbA(1c) and that depression is associated with persistently higher HbA(1c) levels over time.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Comorbid MDD in people with type 2 diabetes is associated with reduced glycemic control.
“Comorbid MDD in people with type 2 diabetes is associated with poorer adherence to diabetes treatment52 and self-care activities (e.g., exercise, healthy eating)53,54, increased health care costs22,54, reduced glycemic control55,56, and increased hospital admissions and complications57-60.”
From Comorbidity between major depressive disorder and physical diseases: a comprehensive review of epidemiology, mechanisms and management (2023) · cites this paper as [55]
Cites
(1993) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199309303291401 · Cited by 24,667 · see citing works
Coding algorithms for defining comorbidities in ICD-9-CM and ICD-10 administrative data
Quan, H., Sundararajan, V., Halfon, P., Fong, A., Burnand, B., Luthi, J.-C., Saunders, L. D., Beck, C. A., Feasby, T. E., & Ghali, W. A. (2005) · Medical Care · doi:10.1097/01.mlr.0000182534.19832.83 · Cited by 10,669 · see citing works
Turner, R. C., Fox, C., Matthews, McElroy, H. H., Cull, C. A., Holman, R. R., Neil, P., Hadden, D. R., Wright, D., Manley, E., et al. (1998) · The Lancet · Cited by 8,419 · see citing works
The Prevalence of Comorbid Depression in Adults With Diabetes
Anderson, R. J., Freedland, K. E., Clouse, R. E., & Lustman, P. J. (2001) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.24.6.1069 · Cited by 3,926 · see citing works
Depression and poor glycemic control: a meta-analytic review of the literature.
Lustman, P. J., Anderson, R. J., Freedland, K. E., de Groot, M., Carney, R. M., & Clouse, R. E. (2000) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.23.7.934 · Cited by 1,854 · see citing works
Association of depression and diabetes complications: a meta-analysis
de Groot, M., Anderson, R., Freedland, K. E., Clouse, R. E., & Lustman, P. J. (2001) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-200107000-00015 · Cited by 1,799 · see citing works
Reichard, P., Nilsson, B.-Y., & Rosenqvist, U. (1993) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199307293290502 · Cited by 1,202 · see citing works
Stratton, I. M., Kohner, E. M., Aldington, S. J., Turner, R. C., Holman, R. R., Manley, S. E., & Matthews, D. R. (2001) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s001250051594 · Cited by 1,019 · see citing works
Egede, L. E., Zheng, D., & Simpson, K. (2002) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.25.3.464 · Cited by 816 · see citing works
Self-citationPubMed Central: creating an Aladdin's cave of ideas
Delamothe, T. (2001) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.322.7277.1 · Cited by 671 · see citing works
Depression and All-Cause and Coronary Heart Disease Mortality Among Adults With and Without Diabetes
Egede, L. E., Nietert, P. J., & Zheng, D. (2005) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.28.6.1339 · Cited by 473 · see citing works
Self-citationMiller, D. R., Safford, M. M., & POGACH, L. M. (2004) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.27.suppl_2.b10 · Cited by 425 · see citing works
Diabetes, Major Depression, and Functional Disability Among U.S. Adults
Egede, L. E. (2004) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.27.2.421 · Cited by 422 · see citing works
Self-citationTesta, M. A., & Simonson, D. C. (1998) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.280.17.1490 · Cited by 419 · see citing works
Depressive Symptoms and Mortality among Persons with and without Diabetes
Zhang, X. (2005) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwi089 · Cited by 346 · see citing works
Effects of Depression on Work Loss and Disability Bed Days in Individuals With Diabetes
Egede, L. E. (2004) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.27.7.1751 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Self-citationData Resources in the Department of Veterans Affairs
Maynard, C. C., & Chapko, M. K. (2004) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.27.suppl_2.b22 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Failure to Recognize Depression in Primary Care: Issues and Challenges
Egede, L. E. (2007) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-007-0170-z · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Self-citationMyers, L. J., Turvey, C., & Carney, C. P. (2006) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2006.08.002 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Higgins, T. S., Ritchie, C. S., Stetson, B. A., Burke, J. D., & Looney, S. W. (2006) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2006.06.002 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Berk, M., Köhler‐Forsberg, O., Turner, M., Penninx, B. W. J. H., Wrobel, A., Firth, J., Loughman, A., Reavley, N. J., McGrath, J. J., Momen, N. C., et al. (2023) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.21110 · Cited by 336 · see citing works
Depression and type 2 diabetes: Inflammatory mechanisms of a psychoneuroendocrine co-morbidity
Stuart, M. J., & Baune, B. T. (2012) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.10.001 · Cited by 257 · see citing works
A randomized trial of telephonic counseling plus walking for depressed diabetes patients
Piette, J. D., Richardson, C., Himle, J., Duffy, S., Torres, T., Vogel, M., Barber, K., & Valenstein, M. (2011) · Medical Care · doi:10.1097/mlr.0b013e318215d0c9 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Serious psychological distress and diabetes: a review of the literature
Egede, L. E., & Dismuke, C. E. (2012) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-011-0240-0 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Self-citationScherrer, J. F., Virgo, K. S., Zeringue, A., Bucholz, K. K., Jacob, T., Johnson, R. G., True, W. R., Carney, R. M., Freedland, K. E., Xian, H., et al. (2009) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2009.04.001 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Radojkovic, J., Sikanic, N., Bukumiric, Z., Tadic, M., Kostic, N., & Babic, R. (2016) · Medical Science Monitor · doi:10.12659/msm.899571 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Prevalence and characteristics of depressive disorders in type 1 diabetes
Berge, L. I., Riise, T., Hundal, Ø., Ødegaard, K. J., Dilsaver, S., & Lund, A. (2013) · BMC Research Notes · doi:10.1186/1756-0500-6-543 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
- Authors
- Richardson, L. K., Egede, L. E., Mueller, M., Echols, C. L., & Gebregziabher, M.
- Affiliations
- Medical University of South Carolina (US)
- Corresponding author
- Egede, Leonard E.
- Venue
- General Hospital Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2008-11
- Volume
- 30
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 509-514
- ISSN
- 0163-8343 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1978789286
- Cited by
- 162
- References
- 24
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 17
- FWCI
- 8.23
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- General Hospital Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Murdoch University Research Portal (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK081121)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Education
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Treatment and Management
- Keywords
- depression, type 2 diabetes, glycemic control, HbA1c, veterans, longitudinal effects, comorbidities, coronary artery disease, stroke, hypertension
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Depressive Disorder, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Female, Health Surveys, Glycated Hemoglobin, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Middle Aged, Veterans, Comorbidity
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
