It’s a girl thing: Menstruation, school attendance, spatial mobility and wider gender inequalities in Kenya

Jewitt, Sarah; Ryley, Harriet

doi:10.1016/j.geoforum.2014.07.006

Cited by 158Menstrual Health and DisordersGeography and Education MethodsGender, Education, and Development Issues

It’s a girl thing: Menstruation, school attendance, spatial mobility and wider gender inequalities in Kenya

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Jewitt, Sarah, Ryley, Harriet·2014·Geoforum

DOI 10.1016/j.geoforum.2014.07.006

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Abstract

Recent attention has been drawn to possible linkages between poor sanitation in sub-Saharan African schools and low attendance rates amongst post-pubescent girls. In particular, questions have been raised about the influence of menstruation and access to sanitary products on schoolgirl absenteeism but research on this topic is scarce. Moreover, the few detailed empirical studies that have been conducted in sub-Saharan Africa on this topic have produced contradictory results. These uncertainties coupled with theories of how concepts of pollution and taboo are used to construct or police spatial boundaries (and maintain power relations within society) provide an interesting context for examining everyday geographies of menstruation. Kisumu, Kenya provides the context for the study which utilises a feminist political ecology framework to investigate cultural and spatial limitations associated with menstruation and puberty. Drawing on schoolgirls’ lived experiences, we illustrate how emotional geographies of puberty and menstruation are productive of and help to reproduce gender inequalities in mobility and access to social capital resources (especially education). At the same time we show how poverty coupled with low levels of sexual and reproductive health and rights education can exacerbate gendered bodily inequalities as girls face an increased risk of sexual exploitation when they reach puberty.

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A study from Kenya found that orphans and vulnerable children (OVCs) had better access to sanitary pads than non-orphans as they received sponsorships that paid for supplies, alongside school fees, meals and uniforms.
“A study from Kenya found that orphans and vulnerable children (OVCs) had better access to sanitary pads than non-orphans as they received sponsorships that paid for supplies, alongside school fees, meals and uniforms [30].”
From Menstrual health and school absenteeism among adolescent girls in Uganda (MENISCUS): a feasibility study (2018) · cites this paper as [30]
In “Improved access to sanitary products and girls’ school attendance” (page not provided), the paper says that a football-team group, most of whom were orphans, had better access to sanitary products than state-school girls because sponsorships covered fees, meals, uniforms and other supplies. It does not compare OVCs generally with non-orphans, nor does it explicitly say the sponsorships paid for pads. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Teachers absolved boys of their behavior toward girls, saying girls should not be 'mixing up' with boys, solidifying the idea that boys are not accountable for their actions.
“Teachers absolved boys of their behavior toward girls, saying girls should not be “mixing up” with boys, solidifying the idea that boys are not accountable for their actions [51, 52].”
From Physical, social, and political inequities constraining girls’ menstrual management at schools in informal settlements of Nairobi, Kenya. (2017) · cites this paper as [52]
In some studies, knowledge was more varied, with those who had attended secondary education or schools with more comprehensive reproductive health education having adequate knowledge.
“In some studies, knowledge was more varied, with those who had attended secondary education or schools with more comprehensive reproductive health education having adequate knowledge”
From Women’s and girls’ experiences of menstruation in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis (2019) · cites this paper as [64]
This information was often provided without clarifying how or when girls were vulnerable to pregnancy.
“however, this information was often provided without clarifying how or when girls were vulnerable to pregnancy”
From Women’s and girls’ experiences of menstruation in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis (2019) · cites this paper as [64]
Two studies from Kenya and one in Ghana noted concerns that girls engaged in transactional sex to meet menstrual and other personal funding needs; authors of a study in Ethiopia noted that this was not reported in their population.
“Two studies from Kenya and one in Ghana noted concerns that girls engaged in transactional sex to meet menstrual and other personal funding needs [4, 11, 64]; authors of a study in Ethiopia noted that this was not reported in their population [100].”
From Women’s and girls’ experiences of menstruation in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis (2019) · cites this paper as [64]

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Women’s and girls’ experiences of menstruation in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis
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Authors: Jewitt, S., & Ryley, H.
Affiliations: University of Nottingham (GB)
Corresponding author: Jewitt, Sarah
ORCID: Jewitt, Sarah
Venue: Geoforum
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2014-09
Volume: 56
Pages: 137-147
ISSN: 0016-7185 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.geoforum.2014.07.006
OpenAlex: W2142321107
Cited by: 158
References: 62
Citations by year: 2026: 8 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 27 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 4 · 2013: 1
FWCI: 7.59
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: hybrid
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ (vor)
Locations: Geoforum (publishedVersion, cc-by)
Repository@Nottingham (University of Nottingham) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Nottingham ePrints (University of Nottingham) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Funders: University of Nottingham
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Menstrual Health and Disorders
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Geography and Education Methods
Social Sciences › Education › Gender, Education, and Development Issues
Keywords: menstruation, school attendance, school absenteeism, puberty, gender inequality, spatial mobility, everyday geographies, emotional geographies, sanitation, sanitary products, social capital, sexual and reproductive health education, sexual exploitation, poverty, feminist political ecology, Kisumu

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It’s a girl thing: Menstruation, school attendance, spatial mobility and wider gender inequalities in Kenya

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