Survey of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in surface water collected in Pensacola, FL
Open accessAbstract
As the persistence of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) become a global concern, information about the occurrence and characteristics of PFAS in estuarine and marine ecosystems is poorly represented. In this study, the presence of 51 PFAS were monitored in the Pensacola Bay System (PBS), Florida, USA. Due to the presence of many potential PFAS sources in close proximity to the PBS (e.g., military bases, industries, airports and several firefighting stations), the distribution and concentration of PFAS in this estuarine environment provides insights into the fate of these complex compounds as well as the possible impacts on coastal systems. Surface water was collected and analyzed from 45 different sites via Strata-X-AW cartridge extractions and ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) analysis. Recoveries for many PFAS (13/51) were >60% (mean 77 %), with relative standard deviations below 20%, except for N-methylperfluoro-1-octanesulfonamidoacetic acid (N-MeFOSAA) (22%). Of the perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs), which comprised the majority of PFAS detected: perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA) were present in all samples; however, perfluoropentanoic acid (PFPeA) was the individual PFAS with the highest concentration of this group (51.9 ng.L −1 , at site 81). The PFAS detected at the highest concentrations were perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acids (PFSA), with perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) having the highest detected concentration (269 ng.L −1 , at site 81). At all sites, at least eight or more PFAS were quantified. Past and current use of PFAS-containing materials and their fate in areas surrounding military bases, airports, and industries, require more in-depth monitoring efforts to better determine the need for regulation, management, and/or remediation. Here, sites located close to areas suspected of PFAS use had elevated concentrations. For example, one coastal location near an airfield had a ΣPFAS of 677 ng.L −1 . Expansion from these ongoing efforts will focus on assessment of PFAS-related effects in local wildlife and evaluating the distribution of PFAS at these "hotspot" sites during large episodic weather events, a critically understudied phenomenon regarding PFAS and vulnerable coastal environments.
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6:2 FTS is a replacement compound for PFOS and is commonly used in industrial applications such as electroplating and artificial film-forming foams.
“6:2 FTS is a replacement compound for PFOS and commonly used in industrial applications such as elec troplating, artificial film-forming foams (AFFFs) (da Silva et al., 2022; Houtz et al., 2016).”
From Occurrence of emerging and persistent organic pollutants in the rivers Cam, Ouse and Thames, UK (2025) · cites this paper as da Silva et al., 2022
The Results and discussion section says 6:2 FTS has been used as a substitute for PFOS in metal plating, supporting the replacement and electroplating parts of the claim. The Introduction describes PFAS generally as constituents of aqueous film-forming foams, but the paper does not say that 6:2 FTS specifically is commonly used in those foams. Page numbers are not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.84)
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- Authors
- da Silva, B. F., Aristizabal-Henao, J. J., Aufmuth, J., Awkerman, J., & Bowden, J. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Florida (US)
- Environmental Protection Agency (US)
- Corresponding author
- Awkerman, Jill
- Bowden, John A.
- Venue
- Heliyon
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2022-08
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- e10239
- ISSN
- 2405-8440 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC9449549
- OpenAlex
- W4291036695
- Cited by
- 43
- References
- 32
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 2
- FWCI
- 3.01
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Heliyon (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances research
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Toxic Organic Pollutants Impact
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Chemical Analysis and Environmental Impact
- Keywords
- per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, PFAS contamination, surface water, estuarine ecosystems, perfluorooctanoic acid, perfluorohexanoic acid, PFPeA, PFOS, perfluorocarboxylic acids, perfluorosulfonic acid, military base contamination, firefighting foam, coastal water quality, PFAS fate and transport
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