A strong vortex in Saturn's South Pole
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Saturn's stratospheric polar vortices extend ~15° latitude away from the pole.
“These vortices, which extend ~15° latitude away from the pole, are bounded by a strong latitudinal temperature gradient and are distinct from the compact, seasonally independent polar cyclones present in the troposphere5–10.”
From A hexagon in Saturn's northern stratosphere surrounding the emerging summertime polar vortex (2018) · cites this paper as [6]
Saturn's stratospheric polar vortices are distinct from the compact, seasonally independent polar cyclones present in the troposphere.
“These vortices, which extend ~15° latitude away from the pole, are bounded by a strong latitudinal temperature gradient and are distinct from the compact, seasonally independent polar cyclones present in the troposphere5–10.”
From A hexagon in Saturn's northern stratosphere surrounding the emerging summertime polar vortex (2018) · cites this paper as [6]
Saturn's stratospheric polar vortices are bounded by a strong latitudinal temperature gradient.
“These vortices, which extend ~15° latitude away from the pole, are bounded by a strong latitudinal temperature gradient and are distinct from the compact, seasonally independent polar cyclones present in the troposphere5–10.”
From A hexagon in Saturn's northern stratosphere surrounding the emerging summertime polar vortex (2018) · cites this paper as [6]
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Self-citationSaturn's vertical and latitudinal cloud structure 1991–2004 from HST imaging in 30 filters☆
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Self-citationNo Hexagonal Wave around Saturn's Southern Pole
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Introducing PLIA: Planetary Laboratory for Image Analysis
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Phosphine on Jupiter and Saturn from Cassini/CIRS
Fletcher, L. N., Orton, G. S., Teanby, N. A., & Irwin, P. G. J. (2009) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2009.03.023 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Temperature and Composition of Saturn's Polar Hot Spots and Hexagon
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Saturn’s zonal wind profile in 2004–2009 from Cassini ISS images and its long-term variability
García-Melendo, E., Pérez-Hoyos, S., Sánchez-Lavega, A., & Hueso, R. (2011) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2011.07.005 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Self-citationCharacterising Saturn's vertical temperature structure from Cassini/CIRS
FLETCHER, L., IRWIN, P., TEANBY, N., ORTON, G., PARRISH, P., DEKOK, R., HOWETT, C., CALCUTT, S., BOWLES, N., & TAYLOR, F. (2007) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2007.02.006 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Saturn Atmospheric Structure and Dynamics
C, A. D. D. G., Achterberg, R. K., Baines, K. H., Flasar, F. M., Read, P. L., Sánchez-Lavega, A., & Showman, A. P. (2009) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-9217-6_6 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
“Processing of Cassini ISS images is continuing at the time of writing, and so far has led to published profiles in the southern hemisphere by Porco et al. (2005), Vasavada et al. (2006) and Sanchez-Lavega et al. (2006).”
BackgroundRetrievals of atmospheric variables on the gas giants from ground-based mid-infrared imaging
Fletcher, L. N., Orton, G. S., Yanamandra-Fisher, P. A., Fisher, B. M., Parrish, P., & Irwin, P. G. J. (2008) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2008.11.019 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Clouds and Aerosols in Saturn's Atmosphere
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Dynamics of Convectively Driven Banded Jets in the Laboratory
Read, P. L., Yamazaki, Y. H., Lewis, S. R., Jr., Williams, P. D., Wordsworth, R., Miki-Yamazaki, K., Sommeria, J., & Didelle, H. (2007) · Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences · doi:10.1175/2007jas2219.1 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
“The dynamical origin of these banded structures remains poorly understood, although the fact that the jets decay with height in the upper tropospheres and lower stratospheres of Jupiter and Saturn would suggest that they are driven by momentum sources in the weakly stratified region in the atmosphere below the visible…”
Saturn's south polar vortex compared to other large vortices in the Solar System
Dyudina, U. A., Ingersoll, A. P., Ewald, S. P., Vasavada, A. R., West, R. A., Baines, K. H., Momary, T. W., Del Genio, A. D., Barbara, J. M., Porco, C. C., et al. (2009) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2009.02.014 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
“, 2006), and in the ∼30 km/pixel observations taken in July 2004 (Sánchez-Lavega et al., 2006).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialA hexagon in Saturn's northern stratosphere surrounding the emerging summertime polar vortex
Fletcher, L. N., Orton, G. S., Sinclair, J. A., Guerlet, S., Read, P. L., Antuñano, A., Achterberg, R. K., Flasar, F. M., Irwin, P. G. J., Bjoraker, G. L., et al. (2018) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-018-06017-3 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Dynamics of Saturn's polar regions
Antuñano, A., del Río‐Gaztelurrutia, T., Sánchez‐Lavega, A., & Hueso, R. (2015) · Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets · doi:10.1002/2014je004709 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
“In addition, Saturn suffers a strong seasonal insolation cycle at the poles [Pérez-Hoyos and Sánchez-Lavega, 2006], so the knowledge of the possible influence of insolation on the polar dynamical features becomes relevant to understand their nature.”
BackgroundSelf-citationDynamical regimes of giant planet polar vortices
Brueshaber, S., Sayanagi, K. M., & Dowling, T. E. (2019) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2019.02.001 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Seasonal evolution of Saturn’s polar temperatures and composition
Fletcher, L. N., Irwin, P. G. J., Sinclair, J. A., Orton, G. S., Giles, R. S., Hurley, J., Gorius, N., Achterberg, R. K., Hesman, B. E., & Bjoraker, G. L. (2015) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2014.11.022 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“…poles (Orton and Yanamandra-Fisher, 2005; Fletcher et al., 2008), suggesting that these cyclonic polar vortices (and their ‘hurricane-like’ eyewalls, Sánchez-Lavega et al., 2006; Dyudina et al., 2008; Dyudina et al., 2009; Baines et al., 2009) are persistent features on Saturn, irrespective…”
BackgroundWeak Jets and Strong Cyclones: Shallow-Water Modeling of Giant Planet Polar Caps
O’Neill, M. E., Emanuel, K., & Flierl, G. R. (2016) · Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences · doi:10.1175/jas-d-15-0314.1 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
The three-dimensional structure of Saturn’s equatorial jet at cloud level.
Sánchez-Lavega, A., Hueso, R., & Pérez-Hoyos, S. (2007) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2006.10.022 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“, 2006) and, properly calibrated, to infer the upper cloud and haze vertical structure using radiative transfer models (Sánchez-Lavega et al., 2006).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationThe Planetary Laboratory for Image Analysis (PLIA)
Hueso, R., Legarreta, J., Rojas, J. F., Peralta, J., Pérez-Hoyos, S., del Río-Gaztelurrutia, T., & Sánchez-Lavega, A. (2010) · Advances in Space Research · doi:10.1016/j.asr.2010.05.016 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Self-citationJupiter's polar clouds and waves from Cassini and HST images: 1993–2006
Barrado-Izagirre, N., Sánchez-Lavega, A., Pérez-Hoyos, S., & Hueso, R. (2007) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2007.08.025 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Self-citationDeep convection–driven vortex formation on Jupiter and Saturn
Yadav, R. K., Heimpel, M. H., & Bloxham, J. (2020) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.abb9298 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“( ∂ → u ∂ t + → u · ∇ → → u ) = − ∇ → p ′ ─ ~ − 2 ─ Eˆ z × → u + Ra Pr ~ g s ′ ̂ r + 1 ─ P m i E ~ ( ∇ → × → B ) × → B + 1 ─ ~ ∇ → · S (5) where p′ is the pressure perturbation, ~ g (r) is the gravity (assumed to vary linearly), s′ is the entropy perturbations, → B is the magnetic field, and Pmi is /i.”
BackgroundSayanagi, K. M., Baines, K. H., Dyudina, U. A., Fletcher, L. N., Sánchez-Lavega, A., & West, R. A. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316227220.012 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Stratospheric benzene and hydrocarbon aerosols detected in Saturn’s auroral regions
Guerlet, S., Fouchet, T., Vinatier, S., Simon, A. A., Dartois, E., & Spiga, A. (2015) · Astronomy & Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201424745 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“Another similar and intermediate scenario, not considered here, is the one derived from the analysis of Cassini/ISS observations by Sánchez-Lavega et al. (2006), in which the haze layer extends from 1 to 30 mbar with an integrated opacity of 0.54 at 300 nm. Real and imaginary refractive indexes are…”
ResultInfluentialCassini Exploration of the Planet Saturn: A Comprehensive Review
Ingersoll, A. P. (2020) · Space Science Reviews · doi:10.1007/s11214-020-00751-1 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“In preparation for the Cassini encounter, Voyager and Hubble Space Telescope observations were used to document the variability of the zonal wind in the equatorial stratosphere (Perez-Hoyos and Sanchez-Lavega 2006; Sanchez-Lavega et al. 2000).”
MethodPolar accumulation of cyclonic vorticity
SCOTT, R. K. (2010) · Geophysical & Astrophysical Fluid Dynamics · doi:10.1080/03091929.2010.509927 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“Recent observations by the space probe Cassini of the polar regions of Saturn revealed the presence of an intense cyclonic (rotating in the same sense as the planetary rotation) coherent vortex situated exactly on each pole (Sánchez-Lavega et al. 2006, Fletcher et al. 2008).”
BackgroundCloud morphology and dynamics in Saturn's northern polar region
Antuñano, A., del Río-Gaztelurrutia, T., Sánchez-Lavega, A., & Rodríguez‐Aseguinolaza, J. (2017) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2017.07.017 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Cassini ISS observation of Saturn’s north polar vortex and comparison to the south polar vortex
Sayanagi, K. M., Blalock, J. J., Dyudina, U. A., Ewald, S. P., & Ingersoll, A. P. (2017) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2016.12.011 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Haze and cloud structure of Saturn's North Pole and Hexagon Wave from Cassini/ISS imaging
Sanz-Requena, J. F., Pérez-Hoyos, S., Sánchez-Lavega, A., Antuñano, A., & Irwin, P. G. J. (2018) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2017.12.043 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citationBrightness power spectral distribution and waves in Jupiter's upper cloud and hazes
Barrado-Izagirre, N., Pérez-Hoyos, S., & Sánchez-Lavega, A. (2009) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2009.02.015 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“Both sets of filters are compared in Sánchez-Lavega et al. (2006).”
BackgroundDeep model simulation of polar vortices in gas giant atmospheres
Garcia, F., Chambers, F. R. N., & Watts, A. L. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa2962 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“For instance, in the case of Saturn (Sayanagi et al. 2018), the peak zonal winds close to the poles (around ±85◦ latitude; Sánchez-Lavega et al. 2006) are around 150 m s−1, giving rise to Ro ∼ 0.01 which is roughly three times that measured for Model 1.”
BackgroundInfluentialVertical shears in Saturn's eastward jets at cloud level
García-Melendo, E., Sánchez-Lavega, A., Rojas, J. F., Pérez-Hoyos, S., & Hueso, R. (2009) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2009.02.022 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“…between both wind profiles, AC CE PT ED M AN US CR IP T ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 10 there can be other mechanisms at play such as wave motions which might superimpose to the background zonal winds, and favor cloud formation at different pressure levels at the jet peaks (Sánchez-Lavega et al., 2006).”
BackgroundSelf-citationA long-lived cyclone in Saturn’s atmosphere: Observations and models
del Río-Gaztelurrutia, T., Legarreta, J., Hueso, R., Pérez-Hoyos, S., & Sánchez-Lavega, A. (2010) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2010.04.002 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Self-citationA hexagon in Saturn's northern stratosphere surrounding the emerging summertime polar vortex.
Fletcher, L. N., Orton, G. S., Sinclair, J. A., Guerlet, S., Read, P. L., Antuñano, A., Achterberg, R. K., Flasar, F. M., Irwin, P. G. J., Bjoraker, G. L., et al. (2018) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 17 · see citing works
A Global Simulation of the Dynamo, Zonal Jets, and Vortices on Saturn
Yadav, R. K., Cao, H., & Bloxham, J. (2022) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac9d94 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Potential vorticity of the south polar vortex of Venus
Gárate-López, I., Hueso, R., Sánchez-Lavega, A., & Muñoz, A. G. (2016) · Journal of Geophysical Research Planets · doi:10.1002/2015je004885 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-citationRossby Waves and Jets in Two-Dimensional Decaying Turbulence on a Rotating Sphere
Hayashi, Y., Nishizawa, S., Takehiro, S., Yamada, M., Ishioka, K., & Yoden, S. (2007) · Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences · doi:10.1175/2007jas2209.1 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“The strong south polar vortex of Saturn is westerly (Vasavada et al. 2006; Sánchez-Lavega et al. 2006), and so are the equatorial zonal mean flows of Saturn and Jupiter.”
BackgroundThe Oscillatory Motion of Jupiter's Polar Cyclones Results From Vorticity Dynamics
Gavriel, N., & Kaspi, Y. (2022) · Geophysical Research Letters · doi:10.1029/2022gl098708 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“The model advances in time according to ∂ui ∂ t = ai, ∂xi ∂ t = ui, (3)”
Baines, K. H., Sromovsky, L. A., Fry, P. M., Momary, T., Brown, R. H., Buratti, B. J., Clark, R. N., Nicholson, P. D., & Sotin, C. (2018) · Geophysical Research Letters · doi:10.1029/2018gl078168 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Potential Vorticity of Saturn's Polar Regions: Seasonality and Instabilities
Antuñano, A., del Río-Gaztelurrutia, T., Sánchez‐Lavega, A., Read, P. L., & Fletcher, L. N. (2019) · Journal of Geophysical Research Planets · doi:10.1029/2018je005764 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Barrado-Izagirre, N., Pérez-Hoyos, S., Garcia‐Melendo, E., & Sánchez-Lavega, A. (2009) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/200912282 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“The filters used in this work are shown in Table 1 (see e.g., Baggett et al. 2002; Sánchez-Lavega et al. 2006, for details).”
MethodHow tidal waves interact with convective vortices in rapidly rotating planets and stars
Dandoy, V., Park, J., Augustson, K., Astoul, A., & Mathis, S. (2023) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202243586 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Sanz-Requena, J. F., Pérez-Hoyos, S., Sánchez-Lavega, A., del Rio-Gaztelurrutia, T., & Irwin, P. G. J. (2019) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2019.05.037 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Sromovsky, L. A., Baines, K. H., & Fry, P. M. (2021) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2021.114409 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Liu, T., & Salazar, D. M. (2022) · Experiments in Fluids · doi:10.1007/s00348-022-03425-6 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Saturn's North Polar Vortex Structure Extracted From Cloud Images by the Optical Flow Method
Liu, T., Sayanagi, K. M., Brueshaber, S., Blalock, J. J., Ingersoll, A. P., Dyudina, U. A., & Ewald, S. P. (2019) · Journal of Geophysical Research Planets · doi:10.1029/2019je005974 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Energy Exchanges in Saturn's Polar Regions From Cassini Observations: Eddy‐Zonal Flow Interactions
Read, P. L., Antuñano, A., Colyer, G., Cabanes, S., del Río-Gaztelurrutia, T., & Sánchez-Lavega, A. (2022) · Journal of Geophysical Research Planets · doi:10.1029/2021je006973 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“As remarked previously, the polar vortices on Saturn are distinct structures with a closed, cyclonic circulation centered quite closely on each pole (Sánchez-Lavega et al., 2006; Sayanagi et al., 2017).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialThermal Emission From Saturn's Polar Cyclones
Achterberg, R. K., Flasar, F. M., Bjoraker, G. L., Hesman, B. E., Gorius, N., Mamoutkine, A. A., Fletcher, L. N., Segura, M. E., Edgington, S. G. C., & Brooks, S. M. (2018) · Geophysical Research Letters · doi:10.1029/2018gl078157 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“7∘ planetographic latitude and a local maximum in vorticity at the pole (Antuñano et al., 2015, 2018; Baines et al., 2009; Dyudina et al., 2008, 2009; Sánchez-Lavega et al., 2006; Sayanagi et al., 2017).”
BackgroundInfluentialInterpretation of shadows and antishadows on Saturn and the evidence against south polar eyewalls
Sromovsky, L. A., Fry, P. M., & Baines, K. H. (2019) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2019.113399 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
A new perspective on Saturn’s polar vortices: Coupling the thermosphere and stratosphere
Smith, C. (2024) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2024.116048 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
A theory for polar cyclones on giant planets
O’Neill, M. E. (2015) · DSpace@MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Global climate modelling of Saturn’s atmosphere, Part V: Large-scale vortices
Donnelly, P. T., Spiga, A., Guerlet, S., James, M. K., & Bardet, D. (2024) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2024.116302 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Ibragimov, R. N. (2017) · Mathematical Modelling of Natural Phenomena · doi:10.1051/mmnp/201712315 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Hassanzadeh, P. (2013) · eScholarship (California Digital Library)
A Long‐Lived Vortex From Saturn's 2010 Giant Convective Storm
Wang, X., Li, L., Jiang, X., Li, C. I., Noor, S., Rivas, J. M., Fry, P. M., Simon, A. A., Morales-Juberías, R., Sánchez-Lavega, A., et al. (2026) · Journal of Geophysical Research Planets · doi:10.1029/2025je009475
“…on images obtained with the continuum filter CB2 (752 nm), which senses the top visible cloud deck (ammonia clouds) and has been widely used to study Saturn's zonal winds and cloud morphology (Porco et al., 2005; Sánchez‐Lavega et al., 2006, 2007; Sayanagi et al., 2013; Vasavada et al., 2006).”
The Dynamics of the Atmosphere of Saturn
Sánchez-Lavega, A. (2026) · doi:10.1093/9780197851500.003.0342
- Authors
- SANCHEZLAVEGA, A., HUESO, R., PEREZHOYOS, S., & ROJAS, J.
- Affiliations
- University of the Basque Country (ES)
- Venue
- Icarus
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2006-10
- Volume
- 184
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 524-531
- ISSN
- 0019-1035 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2036475476
- Semantic Scholar
- 0970a034b78279cfe1ae91b11f8f6eedfe6de9b7
- Cited by
- 52
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 2.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Icarus (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astro and Planetary Science
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Ionosphere and magnetosphere dynamics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies
- Keywords
- Saturn, polar vortex, South Pole, Cassini imaging, cloud tracking, polar jet, aerosol layers, stratospheric haze, thermal hotspots, aerosol vertical distribution, radiative transfer modeling, planetary atmospheres
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