Seasonal variability of Saturn’s tropospheric temperatures, winds and para-H2 from Cassini far-IR spectroscopy
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The distributions of v2 and βe are subject to large uncertainties, most notably because temperatures and winds in the 5-80 mbar range are poorly constrained by the CIRS inversions, such that quantitative values should be treated with caution.
“These distributions are subject to large uncertainties48, most notably because the temperatures and winds in the 5–80 mbar range are poorly constrained by the CIRS inversions (see Methods), such that quantitative values should be treated with caution.”
From A hexagon in Saturn's northern stratosphere surrounding the emerging summertime polar vortex (2018) · cites this paper as [48]
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Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThis is in agreement with the zonal winds measured after the fade of the GWS and those predicted from thermal wind arguments.
“This is in agreement with the zonal winds measured after the fade of the GWS (Sayanagi et al., 2013), and those predicted from thermal wind arguments (Achterberg et al., 2014; Fletcher et al., 2016).”
From Saturn atmospheric dynamics one year after Cassini: Long-lived features and time variations in the drift of the Hexagon (2020) · cites this paper as Fletcher et al., 2016
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Sanz-Requena, J. F., Pérez-Hoyos, S., Sánchez-Lavega, A., Antuñano, A., & Irwin, P. G. J. (2018) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2017.12.043 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citationSaturn's Atmosphere in Northern Summer Revealed by JWST/MIRI
Fletcher, L. N., King, O. R. T., Harkett, J., Hammel, H. B., Roman, M. T., Melin, H., Hedman, M. M., Moses, J. I., Guerlet, S., Milam, S. N., et al. (2023) · Journal of Geophysical Research Planets · doi:10.1029/2023je007924 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citationJupiter’s Mesoscale Waves Observed at 5 μm by Ground-based Observations and Juno JIRAM
Fletcher, L. N., Melin, H., Adriani, A., Simon, A. A., Sánchez-Lavega, A., Donnelly, P. T., Antuñano, A., Orton, G. S., Hueso, R., Kraaikamp, E., et al. (2018) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/aace02 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Self-citationHueso, R., Sánchez-Lavega, A., Rojas, J. F., Simon, A. A., Barry, T., Río-Gaztelurrutia, T. D., Antuñano, A., Sayanagi, K. M., Delcroix, M., Fletcher, L. N., et al. (2020) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2019.113429 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“This is in agreement with the zonal winds measured after the fade of the GWS (Sayanagi et al., 2013), and those predicted from thermal wind arguments (Achterberg et al., 2014; Fletcher et al., 2016).”
BackgroundResultSelf-citationJupiter’s para-H 2 distribution from SOFIA/FORCAST and Voyager/IRIS 17–37 µm spectroscopy
Fletcher, L. N., de Pater, I., Reach, W. T., Wong, M. H., Orton, G. S., Irwin, P. G. J., & Gehrz, R. D. (2016) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2016.10.002 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Self-citationJoint evolution of equatorial oscillation and interhemispheric circulation in Saturn’s stratosphere
Bardet, D., Spiga, A., & Guerlet, S. (2022) · Nature Astronomy · doi:10.1038/s41550-022-01670-7 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
A hexagon in Saturn's northern stratosphere surrounding the emerging summertime polar vortex.
Fletcher, L. N., Orton, G. S., Sinclair, J. A., Guerlet, S., Read, P. L., Antuñano, A., Achterberg, R. K., Flasar, F. M., Irwin, P. G. J., Bjoraker, G. L., et al. (2018) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-citationVortices in Saturn's northern hemisphere (2008–2015) observed by Cassini ISS
Trammell, H. J., Li, L., Jiang, X., Pan, Y., Smith, M. A., Bering, E. A., Hörst, S. M., Vasavada, A. R., Ingersoll, A. P., Janssen, M. A., et al. (2016) · Journal of Geophysical Research Planets · doi:10.1002/2016je005122 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Saturn's global zonal winds explored by Cassini/VIMS 5-μm images
Studwell, A., Li, L., Jiang, X., Baines, K. H., Fry, P. M., Momary, T. W., & Dyudina, U. A. (2018) · Geophysical Research Letters · doi:10.1029/2018gl078139 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Cassini spacecraft reveals global energy imbalance of Saturn
Wang, X., Li, L., Jiang, X., Fry, P. M., West, R. A., Nixon, C. A., Guan, L., Gamalathge, T. D. K., Albright, R. J., Colwell, J. E., et al. (2024) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-024-48969-9 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Saturn's new ribbons: Cassini observations of planetary waves in Saturn's 42N atmospheric jet
Gunnarson, J. L., Sayanagi, K. M., Blalock, J. J., Fletcher, L. N., Ingersoll, A. P., Dyudina, U. A., Ewald, S. P., & Draham, R. L. (2018) · Geophysical Research Letters · doi:10.1029/2018gl078156 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citationPotential Vorticity of Saturn's Polar Regions: Seasonality and Instabilities
Antuñano, A., del Río-Gaztelurrutia, T., Sánchez‐Lavega, A., Read, P. L., & Fletcher, L. N. (2019) · Journal of Geophysical Research Planets · doi:10.1029/2018je005764 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citationMid-Infrared Observations of the Giant Planets
Roman, M. T. (2023) · Remote Sensing · doi:10.3390/rs15071811 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Saturn’s Seasonally Changing Atmosphere
Fletcher, L. N., Greathouse, T. K., Guerlet, S., Moses, J. I., & West, R. A. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316227220.010 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citationSaturn’s seasonal variability from four decades of ground-based mid-infrared observations
Blake, J., Fletcher, L. N., Orton, G. S., Antuñano, A., Roman, M. T., Kasaba, Y., Fujiyoshi, T., Melin, H., Bardet, D., Sinclair, J., et al. (2022) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2022.115347 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citationSaturn's atmosphere at 1–10 kilometer resolution
Ingersoll, A. P., Ewald, S. P., Sayanagi, K. M., & Blalock, J. J. (2018) · Geophysical Research Letters · doi:10.1029/2018gl079255 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Tropopause and lower stratosphere winds and eddy fluxes on Saturn as seen by Cassini imaging
Barbara, J., & C, A. D. D. G. (2020) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2020.114095 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
de Pater, I., Fletcher, L. N., Reach, W. T., Goullaud, C., Orton, G. S., Wong, M. H., & Gehrz, R. D. (2021) · The Planetary Science Journal · doi:10.3847/psj/ac2d24 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citationSaturn's Seasonal Atmosphere at Northern Summer SolsticePreprint
Fletcher, L. N., Sromovsky, L. A., Hue, V., Moses, J. I., Guerlet, S., West, R. A., & Koskinen, T. (2020) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2012.09288 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citationTemperature and para hydrogen gradients on Jupiter observed from the FORCAST camera on SOFIA
Conrath, B. J., Gierasch, P. J., Herter, T., & Wang, J. (2018) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2018.05.016 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Radiative-dynamical Simulation of Jupiter’s Stratosphere and Upper Troposphere
Zube, N. G., Zhang, X., Li, T., Le, T., Li, C., Guerlet, S., & Tan, X. (2021) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac1e95 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Spatiotemporal Variability of Saturn's Zonal Winds Observed by Cassini
Wang, X., Li, L., Guan, L., Jiang, X., Fry, P. M., Dyudina, U. A., Fletcher, L. N., Garcia‐Melendo, E., Hueso, R., Morales-Juberías, R., et al. (2025) · Journal of Geophysical Research Planets · doi:10.1029/2024je008515 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationAn objective classification of Saturn cloud features from Cassini ISS images
C, A. D. D. G., & Barbara, J. (2016) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2016.02.011 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Atmospheric Dynamics of Giants and Icy Planets
Sánchez-Lavega, A., & Heimpel, M. H. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-30648-3_51-1 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Atmospheric Dynamics of Giants and Icy Planets
Sánchez-Lavega, A., & Heimpel, M. H. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-55333-7_51 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Equatorial stratospheric oscillations in planetary atmospheres
Bardet, D., & Antuñano, A. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-15638-0.00018-6 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Atmospheric Dynamics of Giants and Icy Planets
Sánchez-Lavega, A., & Heimpel, M. H. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-30648-3_51-2
Sayanagi, K. M., Garland, J., & Saunders, W. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-96026-7.00224-1
The Dynamics of the Atmosphere of Saturn
Sánchez-Lavega, A. (2026) · doi:10.1093/9780197851500.003.0342
Variability of Saturn's Equatorial Zonal Winds at Cloud Level Between 2018 and 2025
Flix-Bellmunt, A., Sánchez-Lavega, A., Garcia‐Melendo, E., Hueso, R., Simon, A. A., Wong, M. H., Miró, A., & Barry, T. (2026) · Geophysical Research Letters · doi:10.1029/2026gl121948
Saturn's Seasonally Changing Atmosphere: Thermal Structure, Composition and Aerosols
Fletcher, L. N., Greathouse, T. K., Moses, J. I., Guerlet, S., & West, R. A. (2015) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1510.05690 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citation
- Authors
- Fletcher, L. N., Irwin, P. G. J., Achterberg, R. K., Orton, G. S., & Flasar, F. M.
- Affiliations
- University of Leicester (GB)
- University of Oxford (GB)
- University of Maryland, College Park (US)
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory (US)
- Goddard Space Flight Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Fletcher, Leigh N.
- Venue
- Icarus
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2016-01
- Volume
- 264
- Pages
- 137-159
- ISSN
- 0019-1035 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2171708492
- Cited by
- 44
- References
- 70
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 1
- FWCI
- 3.98
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- arxiv.org
- Locations
- Icarus (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Leicester Research Archive (University of Leicester) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Funders
- Royal Society Research Fellowship
- Science and Technology Facilities Council
- NASA
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astro and Planetary Science
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Planetary Science and Exploration
- Keywords
- Saturn, tropospheric temperature, zonal wind, seasonal variation, upper troposphere, equatorial upwelling, tropopause, temperature inversion, Cassini CIRS, north-south asymmetry
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