The DOI matches its Crossref record; 16 of the 16 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Is iridium demand a potential bottleneck in the realization of large-scale PEM water electrolysis?
Open accessAbstract
Proton exchange membrane water electrolysis (PEMWE) is a key technology for future sustainable energy systems. Proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolysis cells use iridium, one of the scarcest elements on earth, as catalyst for the oxygen evolution reaction. In the present study, the expected iridium demand and potential bottlenecks in the realization of PEMWE for hydrogen production in the targeted GW a−1 scale are assessed in a model built on three pillars: (i) an in-depth analysis of iridium reserves and mine production, (ii) technical prospects for the optimization of PEM water electrolyzers, and (iii) PEMWE installation rates for a market ramp-up and maturation model covering 50 years. As a main result, two necessary preconditions have been identified to meet the immense future iridium demand: first, the dramatic reduction of iridium catalyst loading in PEM electrolysis cells and second, the development of a recycling infrastructure for iridium catalysts with technical end-of-life recycling rates of at least 90%.
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Cites
A comprehensive review on PEM water electrolysis
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Critical Review—Identifying Critical Gaps for Polymer Electrolyte Water Electrolysis Development
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Self-citationAnalysis of Voltage Losses in PEM Water Electrolyzers with Low Platinum Group Metal Loadings
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Perspectives on Low-Temperature Electrolysis and Potential for Renewable Hydrogen at Scale
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Electrolyzer Durability at Low Catalyst Loading and with Dynamic Operation
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Cited by
Chatenet, M., Pollet, B. G., Dekel, D. R., Dionigi, F., Deseure, J., Millet, P., Braatz, R. D., Bazant, M. Z., Eikerling, M., Staffell, I., et al. (2022) · Chemical Society Reviews · doi:10.1039/d0cs01079k · Cited by 2,025
Future environmental impacts of global hydrogen production
Wei, S., Sacchi, R., Tukker, A., Suh, S., & Steubing, B. (2024) · Energy & Environmental Science · doi:10.1039/d3ee03875k · Cited by 250
Evaluating the Case for Reduced Precious Metal Catalysts in Proton Exchange Membrane Electrolyzers
Hubert, M. A., King, L. A., & Jaramillo, T. F. (2022) · ACS Energy Letters · doi:10.1021/acsenergylett.1c01869 · Cited by 157
Zhao, G., Guo, W., Shan, M., Fang, Y., Wang, G., Gao, M., Liu, Y., Pan, H., & Sun, W. (2024) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.202404213 · Cited by 143
Bioinspired and Bioderived Aqueous Electrocatalysis
Barrio, J., Pedersen, A., Favero, S., Luo, H., Wang, M., Sarma, S. C., Feng, J., Ngoc, L. T. T., Kellner, S., Li, A. Y., et al. (2023) · Chemical Reviews · doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00429 · Cited by 80
Metadata
- Authors
- Minke, C., Suermann, M., Bensmann, B., & Hanke-Rauschenbach, R.
- Venue
- International Journal of Hydrogen Energy
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2021-07
- Volume
- 46
- Issue
- 46
- Pages
- 23581-23590
- ISSN
- 0360-3199 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3164354139
- Cited by
- 478
- References
- 16
- FWCI
- 15.88
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
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- Minke, C., Suermann, M., Bensmann, B., & Hanke-Rauschenbach, R. (2021). Is iridium demand a potential bottleneck in the realization of large-scale PEM water electrolysis? International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2021.04.174
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