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Saturation in qualitative research: An evolutionary concept analysis
Open accessAbstract
Background and Aim: Qualitative research plays an important role in improving nursing knowledge. Understanding the concept of saturation is essential to conducting rigorous qualitative research that contributes to evidence-based practice. The purpose of this study is to clarify the concept of saturation in qualitative research. Method: Evolutionary concept analysis was performed. A literature search was conducted using a variety of online databases for the years 2005- 2023. In total, 33 articles and books were analyzed using thematic analysis to identify the attributes, antecedents and consequences of saturation. The validity of the data was obtained by examining the analysis process by two independent researchers. Results: Saturation in qualitative research is a context-dependent, subjective process that requires detailed systematic analysis. Saturation is used in four ways in qualitative research: theoretical saturation, data saturation, code or thematic saturation, and meaning saturation. The antecedents of saturation were classified into two categories: study related factors and researcher related factors. The consequences of saturation were identified as: ensuring credibility and quality in qualitative research and time, energy and budget saving. Conclusion: This concept analysis serves to enhance the understanding of the concept of saturation, thereby offering valuable resources for qualitative researchers. By gaining a profound comprehension of saturation and its various types, researchers can ensure the validity of their studies while also optimizing time and resource allocation by avoiding redundant data collection. Future investigation warranted to elucidate how factors associated with reaching saturation impact estimations sample size.
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“The number of participating services in the research was determined by theoretical saturation from the qualitative analyses (25) in which the data collection was concluded when the information started to become redundant or repeated, even with the inclusion of new participants and services, as detected through a floating reading of the transcripts of the conducted interviews and fields diaries.”
From A mindfulness-based intervention for Substance Use Disorder in a Brazilian vulnerable population: a feasibility mixed method study (2024) · cites this paper as [25]
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“Additionally, as data analysis was carried out by the researchers, thematic saturation was met from the 33 interviews, where no new themes emerged (Rahimi & Khatooni, 2024), particularly where these themes aligned with themes reviewed in the theoretical framework of sustainability.”
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Women at Work with the Help of Family: Leveraging Family Resources to Tackle Work‐Family Conflict
Neneh, B. (2025) · Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences-revue Canadienne Des Sciences De L Administration · doi:10.1002/cjas.70015 · Cited by 1
A qualitative study of shift-work nurses’ sleep adaptation process
Yang, H., Kim, S., Kim, S., & Chung, H. C. (2025) · Occupational Medicine · doi:10.1093/occmed/kqaf035
The food delivery apps: a blessing for women?
Baudens, P. (2025) · Gender Technology and Development · doi:10.1080/09718524.2025.2514976
“…apps assist daily planning and cooking responsibilities, and to explore the evolution of practices. it was essential to ensure data saturation (Rahimi & Khatooni, 2024) by selecting a relatively diverse group of women for interviews, varying in socio-economic backgrounds, professions,…”
Knowledge sharing and audit quality: influential factors and effects
Bakhshani, S., & Velashani, M. A. B. (2025) · Journal of Facilities Management · doi:10.1108/jfm-03-2024-0042
Meijers, K., Bols, E. M. J., Beekman, E., Slangen, R., van de Hoef, P. A., Ummels, D., & Crutzen, R. (2025) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/72331
“Saturation was determined by reflexive discussions among the researchers during data collection and analysis, based on data saturation (repetition of data) as well as meaning saturation (adequacy and completeness of themes as well as their meaning and coherence with other themes) [55,56].”
Clinical Dental Learning Environment: Exploring Challenges and Strategies for Improvement
Bibi, H., Mehboob, B., Qaiyum, F. A., Amjad, T., Baseer, M., & Awan, A. H. (2025) · Journal of Gandhara Medical and Dental Science · doi:10.37762/jgmds.12-3.669
Transnational business strategies of Serbian entrepreneurs in Vienna
Antonijević, D., Rašić, M., & Barać, L. (2025) · Glasnik Etnografskog instituta · doi:10.2298/gei2501061a
Patel, J. D., Meng, J., Jimenez‐Moreno, C., Coerts, F. B., Venerus, M., Park, S., Haq, I., Gorsh, B., & Tervonen, T. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5339360
Kim, M., Thorpe, R. J., & Whitfield, K. E. (2025) · Evaluation & the Health Professions · doi:10.1177/01632787251357596
“Unlike quantitative research, sample size isn ’ t determined by statistical power but by achieving data saturation (Rahimi & Khatooni, 2024).”
Huebl, L., Nnyombi, A., Apoko, P., Okello, D., Walakira, E., & Kutalek, R. (2025) · PLoS neglected tropical diseases · doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0013251
“Data collection continued until theoretical saturation was reached, meaning that no new categories or insights would emerge from continued interviews, data analysis, and interpretation [38].”
Buami, E. K., Howard, E. K., Asinyo, B. K., Frimpong, C., & Adu-Boachie, C. (2025) · Fashion and Textiles Review. · doi:10.35738/ftr.v6.2024.22
Hellzèn, O., Ness, T. M., Ingstad, K., Ludvigsen, M. S., & Devik, S. A. (2025) · SAGE Open Nursing · doi:10.1177/23779608251362652
“Thematic saturation was considered achieved based on the breadth of the collected data and the repetition of themes during the analysis stage (Rahimi & Khatooni, 2024; Saunders et al., 2018).”
Humayun, A., Najmussaqib, A., & Muneeb, N. U. A. (2025) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2025.07.17.25331689
“Thematic data saturation was monitored to guide the final sample sizes (Rahimi & khatooni, 2024).”
Odacı, N., Karaman, S., & Kerse, K. (2025) · Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness · doi:10.1017/dmp.2025.10143
Castro, J. P. D. S., de Carvalho, R. B., da Silva, L. F., & de Castro, J. M. (2025) · Journal of Family Business Management · doi:10.1108/jfbm-05-2025-0149
McCormick, A. J., Pearce, J. W., & Dafny, H. A. (2025) · Prehospital Emergency Care · doi:10.1080/10903127.2025.2553740
“Qualitative literature suggests that data saturation (also known as information power), defined as the point at which no new themes, codes, or insights were visible from the data, can be achieved after 12 interviews are completed (13,14).”
Biney, W. W., Oyeyi, A. G., Biney, N. W., & Rotimi, F. E. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5434678
Land, S. R., Baxter, J., Mickel, A. E., Bixler, R. P., Farrell, S., Johnson, S., Carr, W., Robertson, T., Brush, L., & Marchetta, J. (2025) · Society & Natural Resources · doi:10.1080/08941920.2025.2553351
“We concluded the interview process when the interview team recognized the code saturation of our data, as outlined by Rahimi and Khatooni (2024).”
What Counts as a NICU Family Meeting?
Sabnis, A., McArthur, A., Hagen, E., Fojo, S., Hackett, H., & Tarn, D. M. (2025) · Advances in Neonatal Care · doi:10.1097/anc.0000000000001294
Carvajal, B. (2025) · Revista Colombiana de Obstetricia y Ginecología · doi:10.18597/rcog.4550
Rivera, K. C., Olubia, L. T., Lugtu, N. M., & Quintos, R. T. (2025) · Indonesian Journal of Education Research (IJoER) · doi:10.37251/ijoer.v6i4.2130
“All sessions were audio-recorded with consent, transcribed verbatim, and supported by open-ended responses from the survey [27].”
Jimenez, C. J., Vicente, M. A., Seijas, M. S., Nuñez, M. L., Díaz‐Menéndez, M., Buckley, R. D. M., Calle, F., Ayuso-Álvarez, A., & Gold, M. (2025) · Frontiers in Tropical Diseases · doi:10.3389/fitd.2025.1632961
McGee, R. E., Ojemakinde, E. I., Thompson, N. J., Escoffery, C., & Quarells, R. C. (2025) · Epilepsy & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2025.110755
Retirement and Social Support Networks
Rebelo, B. P. D. A., & Gonçalves, S. P. (2025) · Springer proceedings in business and economics · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-94487-1_49
Abad‐Corpa, E., Espinosa‐Sánchez, M., Barnestein‐Fonseca, P., Camacho‐Bejarano, R., Delgado‐Hito, P., Bonet, R. M., & COMPAS‐Group (2025) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1111/jan.70235
“In the deductive phase, the data will be analysed from the data obtained from the literature review and theoretical framework (Rahimi and Khatooni 2024).”
Buckland, A. J., Delaney, C., Holzberg, J. R., Luna-Cordova, J. A., King, S. E., Surkan, P. J., Caulfield, L. E., & Hurley, K. M. (2025) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.tjnut.2025.10.012
Owusu, Y., Iddrisu, M., Quaidoo, T. G., Osei-Tutu, F., Mumuni, H. I., & Boateng, A. A. (2025) · Discover Psychology · doi:10.1007/s44202-025-00449-x
“At this point, successive participants provided similar responses, and no new themes emerged [20].”
Metadata
- Authors
- Rahimi, S., & khatooni, M.
- Affiliations
- Qazvin University of Medical Sciences (IR)
- Corresponding author
- Rahimi, Sara
- Venue
- International Journal of Nursing Studies Advances
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2024-06
- Volume
- 6
- Pages
- 100174
- ISSN
- 2666-142X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC11080421
- OpenAlex
- W4390604507
- Cited by
- 560
- References
- 34
- Citations by year
- 2026: 273 · 2025: 236 · 2024: 51
- FWCI
- 704.99
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- International Journal of Nursing Studies Advances (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Qazvin University of Medical Sciences
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Education › Qualitative Research Methods and Applications
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Qualitative Research Methods and Ethics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Focus Groups and Qualitative Methods
- Keywords
- saturation, qualitative research, data saturation, theoretical saturation, research credibility, sample size determination, nursing research
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