Cranial modification and the shapes of heads across the Andes

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Mendonça de Souza et al. (2008) argue that modifying an infant's head in the Chillón Valley, Peru caused death.

“Mendonça de Souza et al. (2008) argue that the act of modifying the head of an infant from the Chillón Valley in Peru was the cause of death”

• cites Mendonça de Souza et al. (2008) sourceSupported

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

A substantial number of papers use well-preserved Andean material to focus on morphology without larger considerations of cultural developments specific to these populations.

“there are a substantial number of papers that simply use typically well-preserved Andean material to focus on questions of morphology without larger considerations of the cultural developments specific to these populations”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

In the last twenty years, only occasional exploration has occurred of health and pathological effects tied to binding.

“we have continued to see only the occasional exploration of health and pathological effects tied to binding”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Study of the health consequences of head shaping itself is rare, especially in the last twenty years.

“study of the health consequences of the practice itself are few and far between, especially in the last twenty years”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Cranial modification is frequently documented by bioarchaeologists working in Andean skeletal collections, but these are not consistently reported.

“Cranial modification is frequently documented by bioarchaeologists working in Andean skeletal collections; however, these are not consistently reported.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The author's work led to a model for an integrative and contextualized view of identity in the Chilean Atacama that goes beyond solely cranial modification to consider the body and the grave in myriad ways.

“In my work, this ultimately lead to the presentation of a model for an integrative and contextualized view of identity in the Chilean Atacama that goes beyond solely cranial modification to consider the body and the grave in myriad ways (Torres-Rouff and Knudson, 2017).”

• cites Torres-Rouff and Knudson, 2017 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Contextualized bioarchaeology and social theory have increasingly been incorporated into the study of cranial modification as a cultural practice.

“the growth of contextualized bioarchaeology and the incorporation of social theory in the consideration of cranial modification as a cultural practice”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Consequently, much research is only comparable at the level of presence/absence or broad categories.

“Consequently, much research is only comparable at the level of presence/absence or perhaps broad categories.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Works in social identity incorporate contemporary social theory and embodied life into scientific analyses of cranial shaping and Andean prehistory.

“The works that approach this, incorporate contemporary thinking on social theory and the embodied life into scientific analyses of cranial shaping and Andean prehistory.”

May combine two claims.

Unintentional practices that alter head shape frequently involve only the back of the head and can be readily differentiated from intentional head shaping.

“these unintentional practices frequently involve only the back of the head and can be readily differentiated from intentional head shaping”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

The review reports progress in three areas of research on Andean cranial vault modification: associations with skeletal pathological conditions, classification and morphology, and social identity.

“Progress is noted in each of these areas with a particular emphasis on methodological advances in studying morphology as well as the growth of contextualized bioarchaeology and the incorporation of social theory in the consideration of cranial modification as a cultural practice.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

These works have opened the door for significant work exploring the relationship between population groups and the complex migration history of the pre-Columbian Andes.

“Importantly, they have opened the door for significant work exploring the relationship between population groups and the complex migration history of the pre-Columbian Andes.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The Andes frequently serve as a laboratory for morphological investigations because of large, well-preserved collections and variation in practices.

“the Andes frequently serve as a laboratory for these morphological investigations due to its large, well preserved collections and variation in practices”

May combine two claims.

Pechenkina and Delgado (2012) found that cranial shape correlates with health and status at Villa El Salvador, Peru, likely related to different populations on the formative central coast and not directly to modification.

“Pechenkina and Delgado (2012) compare cranial shape with health and status in their research at Villa El Salvador, Peru, finding that these patterns correlate and likely are related to the different populations occupying the formative central coast of Peru and are not directly related to modification.”

• cites Pechenkina and Delgado (2012) sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Methodological advances in studying morphology have been a notable area of progress in research on cranial vault modification.

“Progress is noted in each of these areas with a particular emphasis on methodological advances in studying morphology”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

These works have affected methods and research questions in some areas.

“As such, they have affected methods and research questions in some areas.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The growth of digital technologies capable of characterizing morphology has been reflected in a surge of recent work using these techniques.

“The growth of digital technologies capable of characterizing morphology has also been reflected in a surge of recent work using these techniques.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

There has been notable growth in work that considers cultural context in the study of head shaping.

“there has been a notable and important growth in work that considers cultural context writ large in the study of head shaping”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

Information derived from morphological studies has significant value as scientific work and allows Andean skeletal material to be used in studies of population biology.

“The information derived from these morphological studies has significant value as scientific work for its own sake, therefore shaping our approaches to studying cranial modification and also allowing for the use of Andean skeletal material in studies of population biology.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

There has been an ongoing and significant focus on morphology, integrating new technologies and moving beyond simple classification.

“we have seen an ongoing and significant focus on morphology, integrating new technologies, and moving beyond simple classification”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Tiesler (1998) noted a significant difference in age at death between modified and unmodified Maya individuals.

“Tiesler (1998) has also noted a significant difference in age at death between modified and unmodified Maya individuals.”

• cites Tiesler (1998)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Investigations of cranial vault modification have expanded and diversified in the twenty years since Verano's synthesis.

“these investigations have expanded and diversified in the 20 years since Verano turned his attention to it”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Sutter and Mertz (2004) successfully employ modified and unmodified crania in their argument for biological continuity in northern Chile's Azapa Valley.

“Sutter and Mertz (2004) successfully employ modified and unmodified crania in their argument for biological continuity in northern Chile's Azapa Valley.”

• cites Sutter and Mertz (2004) sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

This aspect of head shaping is likely reflected in the few cases of death that can be tied to the practice.

“This aspect of head shaping is likely reflected in the few cases of death that can be tied to this practice.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

O'Brien and Stanley (2013) assessed normal variation and used a quantitative approach to analyze whether a skull was modified.

“This includes O'Brien and Stanley, 2013 interesting work on skulls from throughout the Andes that included assessment of normal variation and a quantitative approach to the analysis of whether a skull was modified.”

• cites O'Brien and Stanley, 2013 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

Inconsistent reporting reflects substantive variation between geographic regions and the necessity of different quantifiers and qualifiers depending on research questions.

“At some level this reflects the substantive variation between geographic regions and the necessity of different quantifiers and qualifiers for modification practices depending on the research questions in play.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Recent years have yielded methodological refinements and approaches that are now foundational to much scholarly work with head shaping practices.

“In recent years, these papers have yielded methodological refinements and approaches that are now foundational to much scholarly work with head shaping practices.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The area of social identity has seen the most significant change in the study of cranial modification over the past twenty years.

“I would argue that this area has seen the most significant change in the study of cranial modification over the past twenty years.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

The strongest contribution of these pieces is their assessment of effects on metric and non-metric traits to provide a methodology for integrating crania in studies of evolutionary relationships and affinity.

“the strongest contribution of these pieces is in their assessment of the effects on metric and non-metric traits in an effort to provide a methodology for integrating these crania in other studies of evolutionary relationships and affinity”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Verano (1997a) notes that head shaping serves as an important social marker in need of better cultural and temporal definition.

“In his survey, Verano (1997a) notes that head shaping serves as an important social marker in need of better cultural and temporal definition”

• cites Verano (1997a)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Such works have found between-population variation in metric traits, but less overall effect on the presence of discrete traits.

“Such works have found between-population variation in metric traits, but less overall effects on the presence of discrete traits.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Other spectra of pathological effects may not be observable in skeletal remains.

“Further, other spectra of pathological effects may not be observable in skeletal remains.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

The breadth of styles and the lack of cranial modification practices among some pre-Columbian groups stresses the need to document and classify practices throughout the Andes as much as possible.

“However, this breadth of styles and the lack of cranial modification practices among some pre-Columbian groups stresses the need to document and classify inasmuch as possible the practices seen throughout the Andes.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The second broad category of morphology papers explores the effects of the practice on metric and nonmetric characters of the skull.

“The second broad category of papers speaking to morphology specifically explores the effects of the practice on the metric and nonmetric characters of the skull.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The study of cranial vault modification remains an active field of inquiry in bioarchaeology.

“The study of cranial vault modification remains an active field of inquiry in bioarchaeology”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

The ability to establish degrees of standardization is an important advance with significant bearing when applied to broader contextualized studies.

“This is an important advance and one that may have significant bearing when applied to broader contextualized studies.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

Contextualization of cranial modification as a cultural practice has significantly informed understanding of the lives and societies of pre-Columbian Andean peoples.

“The contextualization of cranial modification as a cultural practice has significantly informed our understanding of the lives and societies of pre-Columbian Andean peoples.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Preservation variation hinders study of headdresses, hairstyles, cradleboards and modifying apparatuses.

“Of course, the study of these, as well as of cradleboards and modifying apparatuses, are impeded by variation in preservation.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Embodiment approaches take influence from Bourdieu and gender scholars, promoting engagement with the experience of lived bodies including movement, consumption, and practice.

“These approaches take influence from Bourdieu and numerous gender scholars, promoting a view that engages with the experience of lived bodies including movement, consumption, and practice”

• cites BourdieuNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Whether crania need to be complete to assess modification is unresolved, and papers seldom detail this.

“there is no clear consensus as to whether crania must be complete to assess the presence of modification and papers often shy from detailing this”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Cranial modification is intrinsically linked to the interaction between a specific deformation device and the growing infant cranium.

“he highlights that cranial modification is inherently tied to the”

• cites Verano, 1997aNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Barth (1969) argued that ethnicity was a social construction defined through regular interaction with other groups.

“Barth (1969), who argued that ethnicity was a social construction defined through regular interaction with other groups”

• cites Barth (1969)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Mesoamerican study of cranial modification has been enhanced by focusing on a social conception of the body and integrating records and archaeological analyses that situate the practice in cultural context.

“where the study of cranial modification has been enhanced by focusing on a social conception of the body and the integration of records and archaeological analyses that situate the practice within its cultural context”

• cites Duncan, 2009Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Tiesler, 1998Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Tiesler, 2014 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Velasco incorporates approaches regarding biological heterogeneity in the Colca Valley and explores the role of head shaping in ethnogenesis and social differentiation.

“Velasco incorporates some of these more established approaches regarding biological heterogeneity in the Colca Valley (2018a), but also successfully explores the role of head shaping in ethnogenesis and social differentiation.”

• cites Velasco, 2018aNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Kurin (2014) correlates head shape with changing group boundaries, warfare, and mobility.

“Kurin (2014) also tackles this topic by correlating head shape with changing group boundaries, and interestingly, with warfare and mobility, as well.”

• cites Kurin (2014) sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Most published work on intentional head shaping in the Andes is locally focused, and no major Andean synthesis exists comparable to those produced for the Maya.

“most published research focused on the practice of intentional head shaping in the Andes tends to be locally focused, and at this point, we have no major syntheses of the practice in the Andes or among widespread Andean groups along the lines of what has been developed for the Maya (e.g., Tiesler, 1998Tiesler, , 2014)).”

• cites Tiesler, 1998Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Tiesler, 2014 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Sofaer (2006) posits that understanding the individual body in its specific context can yield information on how bodies were used to express social lives.

“Sofaer (2006) posits that an understanding of the individual body in its specific context can yield information on how bodies were used to express social lives.”

• cites Sofaer (2006)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Head shape functions as a locus of local social identities or practices and varies markedly across the Andes.

“as head shape serves as a locus of local social identities or local social practices and clearly has significant variation across the region.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Blom demonstrates that the contrast between homogenous patterning of head shape in Tiwanaku colonies and tremendous diversity in the core likely reflects the power of the core to draw people from disparate parts of the Andes.

“she demonstrates that the contrast between homogenous patterning of head shape in the Tiwanaku colonies and the tremendous diversity in the core likely reflect the power of the core to draw people from disparate parts of the Andes”

• cites BlomNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The recent edited volume uniting considerations of social aspects of the head in the Andes and Mesoamerica is testament to a burgeoning intersection and research field focused on the head as a nexus of social practice.

“The recent publication of an edited volume that unites considerations of social aspects of the head, including and beyond head shaping, in both the Andes and Mesoamerica (Tiesler and Lozada, 2018a) is testament to this burgeoning intersection and research field focused on the head as a nexus of social practice”

• cites Tiesler and Lozada, 2018aNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Together these theoretical perspectives can provide a complex view of interactions between body and society and frame understanding of head shaping practices as specific and in conversation with culture, identity, and child-rearing.

“Together these theoretical perspectives can provide a complex view on the interactions of the body with society and allowed for this to frame our understanding of head shaping practices as specific and in conversation with culture, identity and child-rearing practices.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Theoretical considerations of the body as material culture and embodiment have been more salient to recent contextualized investigations into head shaping and its social implications.

“More salient to the recent contextualized investigations into head shaping and its social implications have been theoretical considerations of the body as material culture (e.g., Sofaer, 2006) and embodiment (e.g., Meskell and Joyce, 2003).”

• cites Sofaer, 2006Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Meskell and Joyce, 2003Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Headdresses and hairstyles may have served as highly visible, emblematic markers of identity and social practices, particularly in the Andes.

“However, they are an important avenue of complementary research, especially in the Andes, as these may well have also served as highly visible and emblematic markers of identity and social practices.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

This body of Mesoamerican work has developed sophisticated approaches and represents a strong influence and parallel to approaches in the Andes.

“This body of work has developed a number of sophisticated approaches, and as such, represents a strong influence and parallel to approaches in the Andes.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Cradleboarding practices have received little in-depth study in recent decades.

“While cradleboarding practices have not been considered in depth in recent decades”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Research in the three major areas has grown productively over the past two decades, adding substantially to knowledge of lived experience in Andean prehistory.

“In sum, there has been productive growth in research in all three of these major areas over the past 20 years, contributing much to our understanding of the lived experience for individuals in Andean prehistory.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Velasco argues that standardization of the practice may have masked varied life experiences.

“He argues that the standardization of the practice may well have masked varied life experiences (Velasco, 2018b).”

• cites Velasco, 2018bNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Mannheim et al. (2018) argue that head shaping across time in Peru was tied to personhood, social differentiation, and crafting a social landscape.

“The recent work of Mannheim et al. (2018) took a broader look at head shaping across time in Peru, arguing for ties not only to personhood and social differentiation but also as a means of crafting a social landscape.”

• cites Mannheim et al. (2018)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Research on cranial shaping's role in social identity has yielded more nuanced understandings of the Andean past.

“Of more relevance to Andean archaeology, however, inquiries into the role of cranial shaping in social identity have provided more nuanced understandings of the past in the Andes.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

These works contribute to a contextualized bioarchaeological approach by alluding to the daily practice of individuals and caregivers in this region.

“That said, these works also contribute to a contextualized bioarchaeological approach to our understanding of cranial modification by alluding to the daily practice of individuals and caregivers in this region.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

This research has moved beyond skeletal material to combine bioarchaeological and archaeological findings in holistic accounts of past life and change.

“This work has gone beyond the skeletal material to integrate findings from across bioarchaeology and archaeology in holistic appraisals of life and change in the past.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Lozada (2011) focuses on the social import of head shaping as a sign of ethnicity reflected in economic activity for Chiribaya groups.

“Lozada's (2011) work involving Chiribaya skeletal samples where she focuses on the social import of head shaping as a sign of ethnicity, as reflected in economic activity for these groups.”

• cites Lozada (2011) sourceNot checked — no full text of the source