Intolerance of uncertainty and startle potentiation in relation to different threat reinforcement rates
Abstract
Fear conditioning research on threat predictability has primarily examined the impact of temporal (i.e., timing) predictability on the startle reflex. However, there are other key features of threat that can vary in predictability. For example, the reinforcement rate (i.e., frequency) of threat is a crucial factor underlying fear learning. The present study examined the impact of threat reinforcement rate on the startle reflex and self-reported anxiety during a fear conditioning paradigm. Forty-five participants completed a fear learning task in which the conditioned stimulus was reinforced with an electric shock to the forearm on 50% of trials in one block and 75% of trials in a second block, in counter-balanced order. The present study also examined whether intolerance of uncertainty (IU), the tendency to perceive or experience uncertainty as stressful or unpleasant, was associated with the startle reflex during conditions of low (50%) vs. high (75%) reinforcement. Results indicated that, across all participants, startle was greater during the 75% relative to the 50% reinforcement condition. IU was positively correlated with startle potentiation (i.e., increased startle response to the CS+ relative to the CS-) during the 50%, but not the 75%, reinforcement condition. Thus, despite receiving fewer electric shocks during the 50% reinforcement condition, individuals with high IU uniquely demonstrated greater defense system activation when impending threat was more uncertain. The association between IU and startle was independent of state anxiety. The present study adds to a growing literature on threat predictability and aversive responding, and suggests IU is associated with abnormal responding in the context of uncertain threat.
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The evidence regarding the relation between physiological and self-report measures of response to uncertainty is mixed.
“The evidence regarding the relation between physiological and selfreport measures of response to uncertainty has been more mixed.”
From Aversive response to uncertainty as a mediator for the effect of a mindfulness intervention on symptoms of anxiety (2022) · cites this paper as Chin et al., 2016
Some studies have shown a positive relation between startle during periods of unpredictable threat and IU.
“some studies have shown a positive relation between startle during periods of un predictable threat and IU (Chin et al., 2016)”
From Aversive response to uncertainty as a mediator for the effect of a mindfulness intervention on symptoms of anxiety (2022) · cites this paper as Chin et al., 2016
Others have examined relations with composite scores.
“while others have examined re lations with composite scores (cf. Chin et al., 2016)”
From Aversive response to uncertainty as a mediator for the effect of a mindfulness intervention on symptoms of anxiety (2022) · cites this paper as Chin et al., 2016
Intolerance of uncertainty predicts increased startle when an aversive shock is less predictable.
“Furthermore, IU has been found to predict increased startle when an aversive shock was less predictable (Chin, Nelson, Jackson, & Hajcak, 2016).”
From Responding to uncertain threat: A potential mediator for the effect of mindfulness on anxiety (2021) · cites this paper as Chin, Nelson, Jackson, & Hajcak, 2016
Chin et al. (2016) showed correlations between IU and both startle potentiation and subjective anxiety in the context of threat uncertainty.
“Chin et al. (2016) showed correlations between IU and both startle potentiation and subjective anxiety in the context of threat uncertainty”
From Responding to uncertain threat: A potential mediator for the effect of mindfulness on anxiety (2021) · cites this paper as Chin et al., 2016
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- Authors
- Chin, B., Nelson, B. D., Jackson, F., & Hajcak, G.
- Affiliations
- Stony Brook University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hajcak, Greg
- Venue
- International Journal of Psychophysiology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2016-01
- Volume
- 99
- Pages
- 79-84
- ISSN
- 0167-8760 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2211863614
- Cited by
- 60
- References
- 37
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 1
- FWCI
- 2.01
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- International Journal of Psychophysiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Keywords
- intolerance of uncertainty, startle potentiation, fear conditioning, startle response, anxiety
- MeSH terms
- Acoustic Stimulation, Adolescent, Fear, Female, Humans, Male, Reinforcement, Psychology, Reflex, Startle, Uncertainty, Young Adult
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Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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