Conditioned fear extinction and reinstatement in a human fear-potentiated startle paradigm
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The purpose of this study was to analyze fear extinction and reinstatement in humans using fear-potentiated startle. Participants were fear conditioned using a simple discrimination procedure with colored lights as the conditioned stimuli (CSs) and an airblast to the throat as the unconditioned stimulus (US). Participants were extinguished 24 h after fear conditioning. Upon presentation of unsignaled USs after extinction, participants displayed significant fear reinstatement. In summary, these procedures produced robust fear-potentiated startle, significant CS+/CS− discrimination, within-session extinction, and significant reinstatement. This is the first demonstration of fear extinction and reinstatement in humans using startle measures.
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Both shock and airpuffs evoke robust and reliable cued fear-potentiated startle.
“Both shock and airpuffs evoke robust and reliable cued fear-potentiated startle (Grillon and Ameli, 1998a; Norrholm et al, 2006).”
From Phasic vs Sustained Fear in Rats and Humans: Role of the Extended Amygdala in Fear vs Anxiety (2010) · cites this paper as Norrholm et al, 2006
The Abstract reports that pairing a colored-light cue with an airblast produced robust fear-potentiated startle and significant discrimination between cues. Norrholm et al. supports the airpuff portion of the sentence, but our copy does not establish that the effect is reliable across repeated studies or measurements. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredAlterations in fear extinction, fear inhibition, and stimulus generalization have all been reported, using fear-potentiated startle methods, in populations with trauma- and stressor-related as well as anxiety disorders.
“Alterations in fear extinction, fear inhibition, and stimulus generalization have all been reported, using fear-potentiated startle methods, in populations with trauma- and stressor-related as well as anxiety disorders [see Figure 1; (16, 29–31)].”
From Conditioned fear associated phenotypes as robust, translational indices of trauma-, stressor-, and anxiety-related behaviors (2014) · cites this paper as [30]
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- Authors
- Norrholm, S. D., Jovanovic, T., Vervliet, B., Myers, K. M., Davis, M., Rothbaum, B. O., & Duncan, E. J.
- Affiliations
- Emory University (US)
- University of Amsterdam (NL)
- Venue
- Learning & Memory
- Publisher
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
- Published
- 2006-11
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 681-685
- ISSN
- 1072-0502 (ISSN-L)
- 1549-5485
- PMC
- PMC3746591
- OpenAlex
- W2102103246
- Cited by
- 167
- References
- 40
- Citations by year
- 2025: 4 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 8
- Type
- posted content
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Learning & Memory (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam) (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (9876754)
- Woodruff Foundation
- GlaxoSmithKline
- Emory University
- National Institutes of Health (5r24mh067314-03)
- School of Medicine, Emory University
- National Institute of Mental Health (1R24MH067314-01A1, MH 47840, R37MH047840, R24 MH067314)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Keywords
- fear extinction, fear reinstatement, fear-potentiated startle, fear conditioning, air blast, startle response
- MeSH terms
- Conditioning, Classical, Discrimination Learning, Extinction, Psychological, Fear, Humans, Psychopharmacology, Psychophysics, Set, Psychology, Reflex, Startle
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