Cited by 167Memory and Neural MechanismsMemory Processes and InfluencesPosttraumatic Stress Disorder Research

Conditioned fear extinction and reinstatement in a human fear-potentiated startle paradigm

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Norrholm, Seth D., Jovanovic, Tanja, Vervliet, Bram, Myers, Karyn M., Davis, Michael, Rothbaum, Barbara O., Duncan, Erica J.·2006·Learning & Memory

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to analyze fear extinction and reinstatement in humans using fear-potentiated startle. Participants were fear conditioned using a simple discrimination procedure with colored lights as the conditioned stimuli (CSs) and an airblast to the throat as the unconditioned stimulus (US). Participants were extinguished 24 h after fear conditioning. Upon presentation of unsignaled USs after extinction, participants displayed significant fear reinstatement. In summary, these procedures produced robust fear-potentiated startle, significant CS+/CS− discrimination, within-session extinction, and significant reinstatement. This is the first demonstration of fear extinction and reinstatement in humans using startle measures.

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Crossref · 10.1101/lm.393906

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  • Both shock and airpuffs evoke robust and reliable cued fear-potentiated startle.

    “Both shock and airpuffs evoke robust and reliable cued fear-potentiated startle (Grillon and Ameli, 1998a; Norrholm et al, 2006).”

    From Phasic vs Sustained Fear in Rats and Humans: Role of the Extended Amygdala in Fear vs Anxiety (2010) · cites this paper as Norrholm et al, 2006

    The Abstract reports that pairing a colored-light cue with an airblast produced robust fear-potentiated startle and significant discrimination between cues. Norrholm et al. supports the airpuff portion of the sentence, but our copy does not establish that the effect is reliable across repeated studies or measurements. (LLM, conf=0.82)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Alterations in fear extinction, fear inhibition, and stimulus generalization have all been reported, using fear-potentiated startle methods, in populations with trauma- and stressor-related as well as anxiety disorders.

    “Alterations in fear extinction, fear inhibition, and stimulus generalization have all been reported, using fear-potentiated startle methods, in populations with trauma- and stressor-related as well as anxiety disorders [see Figure 1; (16, 29–31)].”

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Authors
Norrholm, S. D., Jovanovic, T., Vervliet, B., Myers, K. M., Davis, M., Rothbaum, B. O., & Duncan, E. J.
Affiliations
  • Emory University (US)
  • University of Amsterdam (NL)
Venue
Learning & Memory
Published
2006-11
Volume
13
Issue
6
Pages
681-685
ISSN
  • 1072-0502 (ISSN-L)
  • 1549-5485
OpenAlex
W2102103246
Cited by
167
References
40
Citations by year
2025: 4 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 8
Type
posted content
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Learning & Memory (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam) (publishedVersion)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
  • Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
Funders
  • National Science Foundation (9876754)
  • Woodruff Foundation
  • GlaxoSmithKline
  • Emory University
  • National Institutes of Health (5r24mh067314-03)
  • School of Medicine, Emory University
  • National Institute of Mental Health (1R24MH067314-01A1, MH 47840, R37MH047840, R24 MH067314)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
Keywords
fear extinction, fear reinstatement, fear-potentiated startle, fear conditioning, air blast, startle response
MeSH terms
Conditioning, Classical, Discrimination Learning, Extinction, Psychological, Fear, Humans, Psychopharmacology, Psychophysics, Set, Psychology, Reflex, Startle

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