Intolerance of uncertainty: Neural and psychophysiological correlates of the perception of uncertainty as threatening
Abstract
Intolerance of uncertainty (IU) reflects the perception of uncertainty as threatening, regardless of the true probability of threat. IU is elevated in various forms of psychopathology, uniquely associated with anxiety and depression symptoms after controlling for related constructs, and prospectively predicts symptoms. Given the ubiquity of uncertainty in daily life and the clinical implications of IU, recent work has begun to investigate the neural and psychophysiological correlates of IU. This review summarizes the existing literature and integrates findings within a mechanistic neural model of responding to uncertainty. IU is associated with heightened reactivity to uncertainty reflected in greater activity of the anterior insula and amygdala, alterations in neural responses to rewards and errors evident in event-related potentials, a mixed pattern of startle responses to uncertain threat, and deficiencies in safety learning indexed by startle and skin conductance responding. These findings provide evidence of disruptions in several domains of responding to uncertainty, threat, and reward associated with IU that may confer risk for the development of psychopathology. Significant attention is devoted to recommendations for future research, including consideration of the complex interplay of IU with emotion regulation, cognitive control, and reward processing.
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Other research has not found an association between IU and startle potentiation or subjective responses in an unpredictable threat-context.
“whereas other research has not found an association between IU and startle potentiation or subjective responses in an unpredictable threat-context (Bennett, Dickmann, & Larson, 2018; see Tanovic, Gee, & Joormann, 2018 for a recent review of the relationship between IU and startle).”
From Responding to uncertain threat: A potential mediator for the effect of mindfulness on anxiety (2021) · cites this paper as Tanovic, Gee, & Joormann, 2018
Theoretical models have considered uncertainty a central feature in the understanding of psychopathology, especially in anxiety-related disorders.
“Theoretical models have considered uncertainty a central feature in the understanding of psychopathology, especially in anxiety-related disorders. 5”
From Psychometric properties of the brazilian intolerance of uncertainty scale – short version (Ius-12) (2020) · cites this paper as [5]
IU has been related to social anxiety, generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, agoraphobia and hypochondria, PTSD, and major depressive disorder.
“With regard to anxiety-related disorders per se, IU has been related to social anxiety, generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, agoraphobia and hypochondria, PTSD, and major depressive disorder. 5,18,19-21”
From Psychometric properties of the brazilian intolerance of uncertainty scale – short version (Ius-12) (2020) · cites this paper as [5]
The IUS-12 has shown suitable psychometric properties and has been considered a useful tool in the transdiagnostic evaluation of trait IU.
“Accordingly, the IUS-12 has shown suitable psychometric properties and has been considered a useful tool in the transdiagnostic evaluation of trait IU. 5”
From Psychometric properties of the brazilian intolerance of uncertainty scale – short version (Ius-12) (2020) · cites this paper as [5]
Under uncertain conditions, individuals with higher levels of intolerance of uncertainty tend to experience increased physiological arousal.
“and increased physiological arousal (Morriss, Abend, et al., 2023; Tanovic et al., 2018)”
From Intolerance of uncertainty, paranoia, and prodromal symptoms: Comparisons between a schizophrenia spectrum disorder, anxiety disorder and non‐clinical sample. (2025) · cites this paper as Tanovic et al., 2018
IU has been identified as a critical transdiagnostic risk factor and component of internalizing psychopathology across a range of mental disorders.
“IU has been identified as a critical transdiagnostic risk factor and component of internalizing psychopathology across a range of mental disorders, such as generalized panic and social anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, depression, eating disorders, and others [87-89].”
From Impact of Media-Induced Uncertainty on Mental Health: Narrative-Based Perspective. (2025) · cites this paper as [88]
Studies that have examined both reward and threat cue processing suggest highly overlapping neurobiological and psychological processing abnormalities in anxiety disorders that may generally encompass the attribution of value and recruitment of attention to valenced cues, rather than just threat cues.
“The studies that have examined both reward and threat cue processing do suggest highly overlapping neurobiological and psychological processing abnormalities in anxiety disorders that may generally encompass the attribution of value and recruitment of attention to valenced cues, rather than just threat cues (Gorka, Nelson, Phan, & Shankman, 2016; Tanovic et al., 2018).”
From Cued for Risk: Evidence for an Incentive Sensitization Framework to Explain the Interplay between Stress and Anxiety, Substance Abuse, and Reward Uncertainty in Disordered Gambling Behavior (2019) · cites this paper as Tanovic et al., 2018
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Let's get specific about intolerance of uncertainty and emotion regulation
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- Authors
- Tanovic, E., Gee, D. G., & Joormann, J.
- Affiliations
- Yale University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Tanovic, Ema
- Venue
- Clinical Psychology Review
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2018-03
- Volume
- 60
- Pages
- 87-99
- ISSN
- 0272-7358 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2782498233
- Semantic Scholar
- 6e173ea412d0920b7cd6c7020e57f52d6037d150
- Cited by
- 214
- References
- 121
- Citations by year
- 2026: 25 · 2025: 34 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 42 · 2021: 32 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 4
- FWCI
- 2.74
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Clinical Psychology Review (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Keywords
- intolerance of uncertainty, neural correlates, psychophysiological correlates, anterior insula, amygdala, event-related potentials, startle response, skin conductance, safety learning, reward processing, threat processing, anxiety, depression, emotion regulation, cognitive control
- MeSH terms
- Anxiety, Brain, Emotions, Fear, Humans, Uncertainty
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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