If or when? Uncertainty's role in anxious anticipation
Open accessAbstract
Uncertainty is often associated with subjective distress and a potentiated anxiety response. Occurrence uncertainty, or the inability to predict if a threat will occur, has rarely been compared experimentally with temporal uncertainty, or the inability to predict when a threat will occur. The current study aimed to (a) directly compare the anxiogenic effects of anticipating these two types of uncertain threat, as indexed by the eyeblink startle response, and (b) assess the relationship between startle response to occurrence and temporal uncertainty and individual differences in self‐reported intolerance of uncertainty and anxiety. The findings indicated that anticipation during occurrence uncertainty elicited a larger startle response than anticipating a certain threat, but anticipation during temporal uncertainty was superior at potentiating startle blink overall. Additional analyses of the effects of order and habituation further highlighted temporal uncertainty's superiority in eliciting greater startle responding. This suggests that, while uncertainty is physiologically anxiety provoking, some level of certainty that the threat will occur enhances the robustness of the physiological anxiety response. However, self‐reported anxiety was equivalent for temporal and occurrence uncertainty, suggesting that, while defensive responding may be more affected by temporal uncertainty, people perceive both types of uncertainty as anxiogenic. Individual differences in the intolerance of uncertainty and other anxiety measures were not related to anticipatory startle responsivity during any of the conditions.
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Some studies have examined relations of IU with average startle response per condition and cue presence.
“some studies have examined relations of IU with average startle response per condition and cue presence (cf. Bennett et al., 2018)”
From Aversive response to uncertainty as a mediator for the effect of a mindfulness intervention on symptoms of anxiety (2022) · cites this paper as Bennett et al., 2018
The Results (§3.7; page unavailable) report correlations between intolerance of uncertainty (IU) and startle response for each condition during the anticipation period; none were significant. The Methods (§2.2; page unavailable) also describe startle probes during both anticipation and inter-trial intervals, but the cited passages do not show an examination of IU–startle relations by cue presence versus absence. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe evidence regarding the relation between physiological and self-report measures of response to uncertainty is mixed.
“The evidence regarding the relation between physiological and selfreport measures of response to uncertainty has been more mixed.”
From Aversive response to uncertainty as a mediator for the effect of a mindfulness intervention on symptoms of anxiety (2022) · cites this paper as Bennett et al., 2018
Others have shown no relation between startle during unpredictable threat and IU.
“others have shown no relation (Bennett et al., 2018; Papenfuss et al., 2021)”
From Aversive response to uncertainty as a mediator for the effect of a mindfulness intervention on symptoms of anxiety (2022) · cites this paper as Bennett et al., 2018
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- Authors
- Bennett, K. P., Sinclair, J. V., & Larson, C. L.
- Affiliations
- University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee (US)
- Corresponding author
- Larson, Christine L.
- ORCID
- Larson, Christine L.
- Venue
- Psychophysiology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2018-01-31
- Volume
- 55
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- e13066-e13066
- ISSN
- 0048-5772 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-8986
- PMC
- PMC6013348
- OpenAlex
- W2594544916
- Cited by
- 58
- References
- 74
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 2
- FWCI
- 9.17
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Psychophysiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- UWM Digital Commons (University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01 MH106574)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- uncertainty, temporal uncertainty, threat anticipation, anxiogenic effects, intolerance of uncertainty, individual differences in anxiety, habituation, defensive responding
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Anxiety, Blinking, Electroshock, Female, Humans, Male, Reflex, Startle, Uncertainty, Young Adult, Self Report, Anticipation, Psychological
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