Global analysis of shared T cell specificities in human non-small cell lung cancer enables HLA inference and antigen discovery
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To identify disease-relevant T cell receptors (TCRs) with shared antigen specificity, we analyzed 778,938 TCRβ chain sequences from 178 non-small cell lung cancer patients using the GLIPH2 (grouping of lymphocyte interactions with paratope hotspots 2) algorithm. We identified over 66,000 shared specificity groups, of which 435 were clonally expanded and enriched in tumors compared to adjacent lung. The antigenic epitopes of one such tumor-enriched specificity group were identified using a yeast peptide-HLA A ∗ 02:01 display library. These included a peptide from the epithelial protein TMEM161A, which is overexpressed in tumors and cross-reactive epitopes from Epstein-Barr virus and E. coli . Our findings suggest that this cross-reactivity may underlie the presence of virus-specific T cells in tumor infiltrates and that pathogen cross-reactivity may be a feature of multiple cancers. The approach and analytical pipelines generated in this work, as well as the specificity groups defined here, present a resource for understanding the T cell response in cancer.
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Bystander T cells in cancer immunology and therapy
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Granzyme K activates the entire complement cascade
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“56 ) can predict potential epitopes based on TCR α and TCR β sequences.”
T-Cell Receptor Repertoire Sequencing in the Era of Cancer Immunotherapy
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“TMEM161A ALGGLLTPL EBV CLGGLLTMV A*02:01 Cross-reactive CTL in lung cancer patients [43]”
BackgroundBroadening oncological boundaries: the intratumoral microbiota
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Self-citationAdaptive immune receptor repertoire analysis
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The spatial landscape of glial pathology and T cell response in Parkinson’s disease substantia nigra
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Functional virus-specific memory T cells survey glioblastoma
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Cross-reactivity between microbial and tumor antigens
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Clonal driver neoantigen loss under EGFR TKI and immune selection pressures
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Application of T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire analysis for the advancement of cancer immunotherapy
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Evolution and modulation of antigen-specific T cell responses in melanoma patients
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Non-mutational neoantigens in disease
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Specificity of Adaptive Immune Responses in Central Nervous System Health, Aging and Diseases
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Clonal dynamics of alloreactive T cells in kidney allograft rejection after anti-PD-1 therapy
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“It can be useful to remove these from downstream analysis or even to understand the role of bystander TCRs for instance in immune-oncology settings [38–40].”
BackgroundDe novo identification of CD4+ T cell epitopes
Zdinak, P. M., Trivedi, N., Grebinoski, S., Torrey, J., Martinez, E. Z., Martínez, S., Hicks, L., Ranjan, R., Makani, V. K. K., Roland, M. M., et al. (2024) · Nature Methods · doi:10.1038/s41592-024-02255-0 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Immunotherapy in the Treatment of Urothelial Bladder Cancer: Insights From Single-Cell Analysis
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“…cross-reacts with human solid tumor-expressed epitope proteasome subunit beta type-4 (PSMB4) 130 , commensal bacterium Bifidobacterium breve epitope SVYRYYGL cross-reacts with the tumor-expressed epitope SIYRYYGL 131 , and E. coli epitope cross-reacts with tumor epithelial protein TMEM161A 132 .”
BackgroundDeWolf, S., Elhanati, Y., Nichols, K. B., Waters, N. R., Nguyen, C. L., Slingerland, J. B., Rodriguez, N. T., Lyudovyk, O., Giardina, P. A., Kousa, A. I., et al. (2023) · Science Translational Medicine · doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.abq0476 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
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Massively-multiplexed epitope mapping techniques for viral antigen discovery
Hu, D., & Irving, A. T. (2023) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1192385 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Human thymopoiesis produces polyspecific CD8+ α/β T cells responding to multiple viral antigens
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Multi-tiered approach to detect autoimmune cross-reactivity of therapeutic T cell receptors
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T cell landscape in the microenvironment of human solid tumors
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Intra-tumoral T cells in pediatric brain tumors display clonal expansion and effector properties
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Modulation of the Immune Environment in Glioblastoma by the Gut Microbiota
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Ten challenges and opportunities in computational immuno-oncology
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“66 With these insights, clinicians and researchers can better identify patients who are likely to respond to ICIs and potentially improve patient outcomes.”
Ye, Q., & Guo, N. L. (2022) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers14133123 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
McInnis, C. M., Bhatia, S., Vijaykumar, B., Tian, Q., Sun, Y., Leistritz-Edwards, D., Quinn, C. T., Uppaluri, R., Egloff, A. M., Srinivasan, L., et al. (2023) · Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer · doi:10.1136/jitc-2023-006721 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Tmem161a regulates bone formation and bone strength through the P38 MAPK pathway
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“In addition, Tmem161a is reportedly a tumor-associated antigen overexpressed in human non-small cell lung cancer, and it is related to specific gene expression signatures such as MYC and cell cycle genes 12 .”
IgE type multiple myeloma exhibits hypermutated phenotype and tumor reactive T cells
Kehl, N., Kilian, M., Michel, J., Wagner, T. R., Uhrig, S., Brobeil, A., Sester, L. S., Blobner, S., Steiger, S., Hundemer, M., et al. (2022) · Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer · doi:10.1136/jitc-2022-005815 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
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“For example, singlecell sequencing could be performed to enable the study of TCR sequences which were shown to have high relevance and potential to design better vaccines or autoimmune therapies [66,67].”
BackgroundJiménez-Reinoso, A., Molero-Abraham, M., Cirauqui, C., Blanco, B., Garrido-Martin, E. M., Nehme-Álvarez, D., Domínguez-Alonso, C., Ramírez-Fernández, Á., Díez-Alonso, L., Nuñez-Buiza, Á., et al. (2024) · OncoImmunology · doi:10.1080/2162402x.2024.2392897 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Microorganisms-derived antigens for preventive anti-cancer vaccines
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Molecular mimicry of SARS-COV-2 antigens as a possible natural anti-cancer preventive immunization
Ragone, C., Mauriello, A., Cavalluzzo, B., Cavalcanti, E., Russo, L., Manolio, C., Mangano, S., Cembrola, B., Tagliamonte, M., & Buonaguro, L. (2024) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2024.1398002 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Polyclonal lymphoid expansion drives paraneoplastic autoimmunity in neuroblastoma
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A tumor-binding antibody with cross-reactivity to viral antigens
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“The prevalence of autoantibodies in tumors, and even as part of the normal autoantibodyome, appears to be much higher than commonly thought, as seen in recent publications (8, 11, 25) and databases.”
Molecular mimicry as a driver of T cell-mediated tumour immunity
Rossjohn, J., Nezi, L., Walz, J. S., Tagliamonte, M., & Buonaguro, L. (2025) · Trends in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.it.2025.07.012 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Slone, J. K., Zhang, M., Jiang, P., Montoya, A., Bontekoe, E., Rausseo, B. N., Reuben, A., & Kavraki, L. E. (2025) · Computational and Structural Biotechnology Journal · doi:10.1016/j.csbj.2025.09.004 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Most existing computational models focus exclusively on the amino acid sequences of the TCR, peptide, and HLA without utilizing structural features [12–16].”
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Self-citationWang, Y., Huang, X., Xian, B., Jiang, H., Zhou, T., Chen, S., Wen, F., & Pei, J. (2022) · Frontiers in Genetics · doi:10.3389/fgene.2022.1005896 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Increasing results suggest that tumor-infiltrating immune cells are potential predictors for patients with non-small cell lung cancer (Koyama et al., 2016; He et al., 2017; Chiou et al., 2021).”
BackgroundResultRoy, P., Suthahar, S. S. A., Makings, J., & Ley, K. F. (2024) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2024.1302031 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Premature skewing of T cell receptor clonality and delayed memory expansion in HIV-exposed infants
Dzanibe, S., Wilk, A. J., Canny, S., Ranganath, T., Alinde, B., Rubelt, F., Huang, H., Davis, M. M., Holmes, S., Jaspan, H. B., et al. (2024) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-024-47955-5 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citationThe role of reactive enteric glia‐macrophage interactions in acute and chronic inflammation
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“55 Although it remains unclear whether enteric- glial-derived IL-6 functionally affects POI or its underlying inflammation, it has recently been shown to trigger SPP1 + protumorigenic tumor-associated macrophage polarization, 56 emphasizing its potential to shape the immune microenvironment…”
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“1h), which is consistent with the previous study.(3) Next, a robust support vector machine model was constructed and its parameters were optimized with genetic algorithm (Supplementary Fig.”
The impact of antigenic molecular mimicry on anti-cancer T-cell immune response
Tagliamonte, M., & Buonaguro, L. (2022) · Frontiers in Oncology · doi:10.3389/fonc.2022.1009247 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“Moreover, tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes exhibit cross-reactivity against non-mutated TMEM161A tumor antigens and Epstein Barr virus (EBV) antigens (14).”
BackgroundHøye, E., Dagenborg, V. J., Torgunrud, A., Lund‐Andersen, C., Fretland, Å. A., Lorenz, S., Edwin, B., Hovig, E. J., Fromm, B., Inderberg, E. M., et al. (2022) · GigaScience · doi:10.1093/gigascience/giad032 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Although TCR sequencing data suggest the presence of NACT-driven clonal expansion,further exploration of the sequential makeup and possible sequential convergence of antigen binding TCR clones is warranted [39].”
Microbiome‐driven anticancer therapy: A step forward from natural products
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Immune characteristics associated with lymph node metastasis in early-stage NSCLC
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“Thus, this seems to be explained by the previous studies of pathogen-specific T cells infiltrating tumors which is proved to be cross-reactive to tumor antigens [33-35].”
Giovenzana, A., Bezzecchi, E., Bichisecchi, A., Cardellini, S., Ragogna, F., Pedica, F., Invernizzi, F., di Filippo, L., Tomajer, V., Aleotti, F., et al. (2024) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2024.109032 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Characterizing the T Cell Repertoire in the Proximal Airway in Health and Disease
Clark, E. A., Talatala, E. R. R., Ye, W., Davis, R. J., Collins, S. L., Hillel, A. T., Ramirez-Solano, M. A., Sheng, Q., Wanjalla, C. N., Mallal, S. A., et al. (2023) · The Laryngoscope · doi:10.1002/lary.31088 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Studies investigating the TCR repertoires of more common disorders such as lung cancer 43,44 or viral infections 45,46 have access to orders of magnitude more CDR3 β sequences.”
BackgroundLi, M., Song, S., Tian, G., Yao, Z., Chen, Y., Huang, H., Jiao, W., Yu, Y., & Lv, G. (2022) · American Journal of Transplantation · doi:10.1111/ajt.17112 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
The Unexpected Benefit of TCR Cross-Reactivity in Cancer Immunotherapy
Bieberich, F., & Reddy, S. T. (2023) · Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/0008-5472.can-23-2594 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Ye, Q., & Guo, N. L. (2022) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells12010101 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Luo, H., Guo, W., Luan, X., Yue, T., Yu, S., Yin, X., Zu, R., Rao, L., Hu, B., Liu, X., et al. (2025) · Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/0008-5472.can-25-1407 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Multiple studies have demonstrated that lung cancer tissue exhibits increased T-cell clonality and distinct transcriptional profiles compared with normal lung tissue (16, 17).”
Self-citationNenclares, P., Lärkeryd, A., Manodoro, F., Lee, J. Y., Lalondrelle, S., Gilbert, D. C., Punta, M., O’Leary, B., Rullan, A., Sadanandam, A., et al. (2024) · Frontiers in Oncology · doi:10.3389/fonc.2023.1296948 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Survival prediction and analysis of drug-resistance genes in HER2-positive breast cancer
Yang, L., Chen, S., Wang, M., Peng, S., Zhao, H., Yang, P., Bao, G., & He, X. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e38221 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“…and cross-reactive epitopes from Epstein-Barr virus and E. coli; CD8 + T cells with the “ S%DGMNTE ’’ motif cross-react with the TMEM161A tumor antigen, and recognition of the cross-reactive TMEM161A antigen on HLA-A*02 leads to target cell lysis by CD8 + T cells with the ‘‘S%DGMNTE ’’ motif [31].”
BackgroundAge-dependent cytokine surge in blood precedes cancer diagnosis
Chen, G., Mohsin, A., Zheng, H., Rosenberg‐Hasson, Y., Padilla, C., Sarin, K. Y., Dekker, C. L., Grant, P., Maecker, H. T., Lü, Y., et al. (2025) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2420502122 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citationLi, X., Zheng, A., Liu, J., Shi, M., Liao, B., Xie, S., Yan, R., Gan, Y., Zuo, X., Gong, M., et al. (2023) · Antiviral Research · doi:10.1016/j.antiviral.2023.105608 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Lrp10 suppresses IL7R limiting CD8 T cell homeostatic expansion and anti-tumor immunity
Russell, J., Chen, L., Liu, A., Wang, J.-H., Ghosh, S., Zhong, X., Shi, H., Beutler, B., & Nair-Gill, E. (2024) · EMBO Reports · doi:10.1038/s44319-024-00191-w · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“One possibility is that these CD8 T cells express TCRs that are cross-reactive with tumor antigens and endogenous, self, or microbial antigens, a population called “ false bystanders ” (Bessell et al, 2020; Chiou et al, 2021; Meier et al, 2022).”
Crosstalk Between Intratumoral Microbes and Tumor Immunity: Implications for Tumor Therapy
Li, F., Qiao, L., Liang, X., Zhang, Y., Liang, N., Xie, J., Deng, G., Hao, Y., Hu, P., Wu, X., et al. (2026) · Cancer Medicine · doi:10.1002/cam4.71575 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“…over-expressed in tumor tissues compared to normal tissues, and their findings suggest that this cross-reactivity may underlie the presence of virus-specific T cells in tumor infiltrates and that pathogen cross-reactivity may be a feature of multiple cancers [73] Y e a s t a n d H . p y l o r i —”
Self-citationImmune responses and immunotherapeutic approaches in the treatment against cancer
Leong, S. P. L. (2024) · Clinical & Experimental Metastasis · doi:10.1007/s10585-024-10300-7 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“This study opens new avenues for exploring how TCR specificity and cross-reactivity influence immune responses in the cancer microenvironment [93].”
BackgroundMethodHuang, X.-F., Xiong, L., Zhang, Y., Peng, X., Ba, H., & Peng, Y. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-78955-6 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Han, X., Han, X., Hao, Y., Wang, B., Luo, L., Chen, S., Zou, L., Huang, J., Chen, T., Wang, W., et al. (2025) · Journal of Translational Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12967-025-06094-1 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Li, X., Zhang, Y., Guo, S., Wu, Z., Wang, H., Huang, Y., Wang, Y., Qiu, M., Lang, J., Xiao, Y., et al. (2024) · Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1007/s00432-024-05645-1 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“Previous studies have shown that the HLA and CDR3 had a preference; a set of CDR3β sequences might have the same or similar antigen specificity, that is, they can recognize the same or similar peptide-MHC complexes (Chiou et al. 2021; Day et al. 2011; Madi et al. 2017; Madura et al. 2019).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialFive plus Three for the Pancreas
Löhr, M. J., & Pantel, K. (2023) · Clinical Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-22-3977 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Zhang, S., Cao, G., Hu, X., Chen, C., & Chen, P. (2026) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms27021120 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“This cross-reactivity may explain the presence of virus-specific T cells in tumor infiltrates and could be a feature of multiple cancers [138].”
mRNA vaccines transform personalized lung cancer treatment
Wei, K., Wan, Z., Wen, M., Xin, S., Zhou, Y., Wei, J. C., Zhu, J., Tang, C., Xiong, Y., Jiang, T., et al. (2026) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2025.1707654 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Tumor-associated bacterial effectors: novel frontiers in tumor biology and immunity
Dai, J.-H., Lu, Y.-Q., Feng, S.-Y., Tan, X.-R., Li, L., Zeng, Y.-C., Chen, J., Ma, J., & Liu, N. (2026) · 中国科学通报:英文版 · doi:10.1016/j.scib.2026.04.034 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Wesley, J. D., Pagni, P. P., Bergholdt, R., Kreiner, F. F., & von Herrath, M. (2022) · Current Opinion in Endocrinology Diabetes and Obesity · doi:10.1097/med.0000000000000742 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
- Authors
- Chiou, S.-H., Tseng, D., Reuben, A., Mallajosyula, V., Molina, I. S., Conley, S., Wilhelmy, J., McSween, A. M., Yang, X., Nishimiya, D., Sinha, R., Nabet, B. Y., Wang, C., Shrager, J. B., Berry, M. F., Backhus, L., Lui, N. S., Wakelee, H. A., Neal, J. W., Padda, S. K., Berry, G. J., Delaidelli, A., Sorensen, P. H., Sotillo, E., Tran, P., Benson, J. A., Richards, R., Labanieh, L., Klysz, D. D., Louis, D. M., Feldman, S. A., Diehn, M., Weissman, I. L., Zhang, J., Wistuba, I. I., Futreal, P. A., Heymach, J. V., Garcia, K. C., Mackall, C. L., & Davis, M. M.
- Affiliations
- Stanford University (US)
- Stanford Medicine (US)
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center (US)
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey (US)
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine (US)
- BC Cancer Agency (CA)
- Stanford Cancer Institute (US)
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute (US)
- Corresponding author
- Davis, Mark M.
- ORCID
- Chiou, Shin-Heng
- Tseng, Diane
- Reuben, Alexandre
- Mallajosyula, Vamsee
- Molina, Irene S.
- Wilhelmy, Julie
- McSween, Alana M.
- Yang, Xinbo
- Nishimiya, Daisuke
- Sinha, Rahul
- Nabet, Barzin Y.
- Wang, Chunlin
- Shrager, Joseph B.
- Berry, Mark F.
- Backhus, Leah
- Lui, Natalie S.
- Wakelee, Heather A.
- Neal, Joel W.
- Padda, Sukhmani K.
- Berry, Gerald J.
- Delaidelli, Alberto
- Sorensen, Poul H.
- Sotillo, Elena
- Benson, Jalen A.
- Richards, Rebecca
- Labanieh, Louai
- Klysz, Dorota D.
- Louis, David M.
- Feldman, Steven A.
- Diehn, Maximilian
- Weissman, Irving L.
- Zhang, Jianjun
- Wistuba, Ignacio I.
- Futreal, P. Andrew
- Heymach, John V.
- Mackall, Crystal L.
- Davis, Mark M.
- Venue
- Immunity
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2021-03
- Volume
- 54
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 586-602.e8
- ISSN
- 1074-7613 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7960510
- OpenAlex
- W3134245065
- Cited by
- 133
- References
- 77
- Citations by year
- 2026: 20 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 28 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 1
- FWCI
- 8.56
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Immunity (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Rutgers University Community Repository (Rutgers University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- NCI Cancer Moonshot
- Stand up to Cancer
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer Immunotherapy and Biomarkers
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › T-cell and B-cell Immunology
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immunotherapy and Immune Responses
- Keywords
- non-small cell lung cancer, T cell clones, cross-reactive epitopes, Epstein-Barr virus, Escherichia coli, virus-specific T cells, tumor immunology
- MeSH terms
- Algorithms, Antigens, Neoplasm, Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung, Cells, Cultured, Cross Reactions, Humans, Lung Neoplasms, Protein Binding, T-Lymphocytes, HLA-A2 Antigen, Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta, Antigen Presentation, Epitope Mapping, Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte, T-Cell Antigen Receptor Specificity
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