The DOI matches its Crossref record; 72 of the 73 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Cytotoxic CD4+ T cells in cancer: Expanding the immune effector toolbox
Open accessAbstract
Cytotoxic T cells are important effectors of anti-tumor immunity. While tumor killing is ascribed to CD8 + T cell function, pre-clinical and clinical studies have identified intra-tumoral CD4 + T cells that possess cytotoxic programs and can directly kill cancer cells. Cytotoxic CD4 + T cells are found in other disease settings including infection and autoimmunity. Here, we review the phenotypic and functional characteristics of cytotoxic CD4 + T cells in non-cancer and cancer contexts. We conduct a comparative examination of cytolytic mechanisms of cytotoxic CD4 + T cells across disease states and synthesize features that define these cells independent of context. We discuss regulatory mechanisms driving ontogeny and effector function and evidence for the clinical relevance of cytotoxic CD4 + T cells in cancer. In this context, we highlight important gaps in understanding in the biology of cytotoxic CD4 + T cells as well as the potential use of these cells in immunotherapies for specific cancers.
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“we observed a significant increase in the total CD4+ T cells expressing IFN-γ (figure 4H) and granzyme B (GZMB; figure 4J),60–65 NK cells (figure 4N), and the amount of GZMB expression in CD8+ T cells (figure 4L) in the post-cryoablated RMS 76-9STINGwt TME as compared with RMS 76-9STING-/- TME in wild-type mice, as was Foxp3+ CD4+ cells (figure 4M).”
From Functional tumor cell-intrinsic STING, not host STING, drives local and systemic antitumor immunity and therapy efficacy following cryoablation (2023) · cites this paper as [64]
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Immune and cellular determinants of response to HMA‐venetoclax regimens in acute myeloid leukemia
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Metadata
- Authors
- Oh, D. Y., & Fong, L.
- Affiliations
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- Corresponding author
- Fong, Lawrence
- Venue
- Immunity
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2021-12
- Volume
- 54
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 2701-2711
- ISSN
- 1074-7613 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8809482
- OpenAlex
- W4200244347
- Cited by
- 467
- References
- 73
- Citations by year
- 2026: 81 · 2025: 127 · 2024: 116 · 2023: 101 · 2022: 41 · 2021: 1
- FWCI
- 6.86
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Immunity (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion, cc-by)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- NCI
- National Institutes of Health (K08AI139375)
- Prostate Cancer Foundation (R35CA253175)
- Bavarian Nordic
- Genentech
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy
- AbbVie
- Amgen
- Merck
- Merck KGaA
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › T-cell and B-cell Immunology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer Immunotherapy and Biomarkers
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immunotherapy and Immune Responses
- Keywords
- cytotoxic CD4+ T cells, antitumor immunity, cytotoxicity mechanism, cancer immunotherapy, infection, autoimmunity
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Cytotoxicity, Immunologic, Humans, Neoplasms, T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic, CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes, Immunotherapy, Adoptive
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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