The DOI matches its Crossref record; 86 of the 88 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Sex differences in academic achievement are not related to political, economic, or social equality
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“Two studies showed some effects in the opposite direction, that is, that sex differences are larger in countries with higher living conditions (Stoet & Geary, 2013, 2015).”
From A Systematic Review and New Analyses of the Gender-Equality Paradox (2025) · cites this paper as Stoet & Geary, 2015
Citations
Cites
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2 of the 88 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Jacobs, 2005, Leaks in the pipeline to math, science, and technology careers, volume 110 of New directions for child and adolescent development, chapter Mapping Leaks in the Math, 3
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“Nevertheless, following wider investigations of observed sex differences (e.g. Stoet and Geary 2015) that demonstrate a significant difference between male and female achievement levels, the structure of the PISA data-set did additionally enable the current study to investigate the presence of…”
ResultSalomonsen, T., & Reikerås, E. K. L. (2019) · European Early Childhood Education Research Journal · doi:10.1080/1350293x.2019.1651952 · Cited by 6
“Although the trend in PISA of TIMSS data is that school age boys outperform girls in mathematics (Bedard and Cho 2010; OECD 2016; Stoet and Geary 2015), there are typically more under-achieving boys than girls (Stoet and Geary 2015).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialZhang, D., Cheng, Y., & Wang, C. (2025) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/pits.70062 · Cited by 7
“…et al. 2010; Yang et al. 2024), but contradicts those studies reporting that girls outperform boys in mathematics (e.g., Steinmayr and Spinath 2008; Stoet and Geary 2015; Zeng 2025) or that girls achieve significantly lower mathematics scores than boys (e.g., Rozgonjuk et al. 2023; Zeng 2025;…”
Bedyńska, S., Krejtz, I., Rycielski, P., & Sędek, G. (2020) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/pits.22413 · Cited by 6
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Alsup, P. R., & Moots, T. S. (2021) · Journal of Research on Christian Education · doi:10.1080/10656219.2021.1928574 · Cited by 8
“Male students persistently score lower on standardized tests in comparison to their female counterparts (Stoet & Geary, 2015; Voyer & Voyer, 2014).”
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“For example, the gap in math is less pronounced in gender-egalitarian countries (ElseQuest et al. 2010; Stoet and Geary 2015).”
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“First, there is a notable gender difference in meaning comprehension [43].”
BackgroundLi, D., Wang, Y., & Li, L. (2023) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2022.101719 · Cited by 3
Shariat, R., Seol, S., & Lenskiy, A. A. (2023) · IEEE Transactions on Education · doi:10.1109/te.2022.3232383 · Cited by 3
“Stoet and Geary [26], who analyzed the academic performance of 1.5 million 15-year-old students from different countries, found female students performed better than male students in reading, mathematics, and science literacy in 70% of the participating countries, attributing the gaps to economic…”
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Davis, A. C., Vaillancourt, T., & Archer, J. E. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108561716.022 · Cited by 4
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“In a 2015 research study conducted by Stoet & Geary (2015) that assessed achievement in mathematics across the globe, “girls outperformed boys in 70% of participating countries” (p. 137) despite political and cultural inequities.”
BackgroundBasharat, S., & Steinmann, I. (2025) · Equity in Education & Society · doi:10.1177/27526461251348603 · Cited by 2
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“Although girls perform as well as or better than boys in international assessments of scientific literacy (Stoet and Geary 2015), women continue to earn fewer university degrees in STEM fields across all countries, suggesting a significant loss of female talent between secondary and higher…”
Chen, Y., & Lin, S. (2025) · Discover Education · doi:10.1007/s44217-025-00957-x · Cited by 2
“This pattern reflects well-documented gender differences in academic performance across PISA assessments [13, 85].”
Luyten, H. (2025) · Studies In Educational Evaluation · doi:10.1016/j.stueduc.2025.101544 · Cited by 2
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“Gender differences in performance, behavior, and motivation are well documented in education (Ehrtmann & Wolter, 2018; Stoet & Geary, 2015; Vos et al., 2023).”
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“Another crucial aspect is the gender differences in student performance and motivation which is a well-known phenomenon (Duckworth & Seligman, 2006; Ehrmann & Wolter, 2018; Stoet & Geary, 2015; Vos et al., 2023).”
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“…gap across countries, that variation links to between-country differences in gender equality (Else-Quest et al., 2010; Guiso et al., 2008; but see Stoet & Geary, 2015), their socioeconomic equality more broadly (Breda, Jouini, & Napp, 2018), and how much inhabitants associated males with science…”
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“(Tzameret-Karcher et al. 2017; OECD, 2012; Stoet and Geary 2015).”
BackgroundSex Differences in 32,347 Jordanian 4th Graders on the National Exam of Mathematics
Albursan, I. S., Kirkegaard, E. O. W., Fuerst, J. G. R., Bakhiet, S. F. A., Qudah, M. F. A., Hassan, E. M. A. H., & Abduljabbar, A. S. (2018) · Journal of Individual Differences · doi:10.1027/1614-0001/a000278 · Cited by 1
“For example, in Middle Eastern Islamic countries, girls often perform better than boys on math and science exams (Fryer & Levitt, 2010; Stoet & Geary, 2015), while in Sub-Sahara Africa, boys have been found to have a substantial advantage (Dickerson, McIntosh, & Valente, 2015).”
Rasskazova, O., Domina, I., & Hladun, T. S. (2020) · ScienceRise Pedagogical Education · doi:10.15587/2519-4984.2020.193438 · Cited by 1
“It is essential, that there is a link between national equality policy and the achievements of women in the exact sciences, as well as broader problems of under-representation of women in political, economic sectors of society [9].”
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Vnoučková, L., Urbancová, H., & Smolová, H. (2019) · Acta academica karviniensia · doi:10.25142/aak.2019.015
“Similar attributes are used for evaluation and analysis of student assessment in this paper (those are subject, lesson and teacher) according to Handal, Wood and Muchatuta (2011) or Chui et al. (2016); Sulong (2014).”
MethodMason (2019) · Digital Repository Service (Northeastern University) · doi:10.17760/d20328905 · Cited by 1
“Across the developed world boys are behind girls in the vast majority of countries (Stoet & Geary, 2015).”
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Hindin, M. J., & OlaOlorun, F. M. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108561716.040
Three Ways that Aging Affects Women Differently from Men
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Parton, C., Ussher, J. M., Perz, J., & Rubin, L. R. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108561716.041
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International and Intersectional Perspectives on the Psychology of Women
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Bravo, P. E. S. (2020) · El Servicio de Difusión de la Creación Intelectual (National University of La Plata) · doi:10.35537/10915/120044 · Cited by 2
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Metadata
- Authors
- Stoet, G., & Geary, D. C.
- Affiliations
- University of Glasgow (GB)
- University of Missouri (US)
- Corresponding author
- Stoet, Gijsbert
- Venue
- Intelligence
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2015-01
- Volume
- 48
- Pages
- 137-151
- ISSN
- 0160-2896 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1969032653
- Cited by
- 227
- References
- 88
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 71 · 2019: 27 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 5
- FWCI
- 18.12
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Intelligence (publishedVersion)
- Open Access at Essex (University of Essex) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Education, Achievement, and Giftedness
- Social Sciences › Education › School Choice and Performance
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Intergenerational and Educational Inequality Studies
- Keywords
- gender equality, PISA, mathematics achievement, girls' academic performance, political equality, economic equality, women's underrepresentation in leadership
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