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NETs: a new strategy for using old weapons
Abstract
As key players in the host innate immune response, neutrophils are recruited to sites of infection and constitute the first line of defense. They employ three strategies to eliminate invading microbes: microbial uptake, the secretion of antimicrobials, and the recently described release of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs). Composed of decondensed chromatin and antimicrobial proteins, NETs bind and kill a variety of microbes including bacteria, fungi, and parasites. In addition to using a repertoire of known antimicrobials, NETs incorporate histones into the antimicrobial arsenal. Furthermore, NETs may contribute to microbial containment by forming a physical barrier and a scaffold, to enhance antimicrobial synergy while minimizing damage to host tissues. Their role in innate immunity is only now being uncovered.
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“More recent evidence indicates that neutrophils can also eliminate organisms residing in the extracellular environment through the deployment of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs).”
From Immunology of Wound Healing (2018) · cites this paper as [41]
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“Release of NETs accompanied by neutrophil cell death (NETosis) after phagocytosis of pathogens or treatment with inflammatory stimuli are described as an extracellular antimicrobial process, critical for neutrophil physiology [115].”
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“The release of damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPSs), such as histones, from neutrophils upon NET formation [47] directly induces platelet activation, aggregation, fibrin deposition and hence thrombus formation [48].”
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“NETosis is the process of neutrophils forming neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), activated to trap and kill microbes when the pathogen outsizes the phagocytosis-possible capacity (32, 33).”
NETs detection and quantification in paraffin embedded samples using confocal microscopy
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“Due to intense efforts made since then, it is now known that NETs have a microbicidal function and possibly form a physical barrier that avoids the further spread of bacteria [6, 17, 49, 85, 107, 122, 130].”
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How Do Skeletal Muscles Die? An Overview
Carmeli, E., Aizenbud, D., & Rom, O. (2015) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/5584_2015_140 · Cited by 17
“death that is similar to the overtraining-induced increase in cfDNA (Papayannopoulos and Zychlinsky 2009).”
BackgroundDobric, S., Popović, D., Nikolic, M. M., Andrejević, S., Špuran, M., & Nikolic, B. B. (2011) · Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM) · doi:10.1515/cclm.2011.797 · Cited by 17
“Also, release of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), composed of decondensed chromatin and cytoplasmic autoantigens, might explain concomitant presence of multi-specifi c ANCA and ANA in our patients with UC (36) .”
BackgroundThe bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein (BPI) in the innate defence of the lower airways
Holweg, A., Schnare, M., & Gessner, A. (2011) · Biochemical Society Transactions · doi:10.1042/bst0391045 · Cited by 17
Swain, D. K., Kushwah, M. S., Kaur, M., & Dang, A. K. (2015) · Veterinary World · doi:10.14202/vetworld.2015.336-345 · Cited by 16
Schulz, M., Zambrano, F., Schuppe, H., Wagenlehner, F. R. A., Taubert, A., Gärtner, U., Sánchez, R., & Hermosilla, C. R. (2019) · Andrologia · doi:10.1111/and.13356 · Cited by 16
“…and proteases, constituting a chemical and physical barrier facilitating phagocyto‐ sis and elimination by immune cells (Brinkmann & Zychlinsky, 2012; Papayannopoulos & Zychlinsky, 2009), and ETosis is the process by which leucocytes produce and release ETs, process described for the first time…”
BackgroundTargeting Biological Polyanions in Blood: Strategies toward the Design of Therapeutics
La, C. C., Takeuchi, L. E., Abbina, S., Vappala, S., Abbasi, U., & Kizhakkedathu, J. N. (2020) · Biomacromolecules · doi:10.1021/acs.biomac.0c00654 · Cited by 16
Inflammation and thrombosis new insights
Myers, D. D. (2012) · Frontiers in Bioscience-Scholar · doi:10.2741/s289 · Cited by 16
“NETs have been shown to kill bacteria, fungi, and parasites while forming a microbial containment barrier (128, 129).”
Macrophages and neutrophils cooperate in immune responses to Leishmania infection
Filardy, A. A., Pires, D. R., & DosReis, G. A. (2011) · Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s00018-011-0653-2 · Cited by 16
“NETs are composed of a backbone of chromatin and DNA, with attached antimicrobial peptides, enzymes and histones [ 50 ].”
BackgroundPashevin, D. O., Nagibin, V. S., Tumanovska, L. V., Moibenko, A. A., & Dosenko, V. (2015) · Pathobiology · doi:10.1159/000440982 · Cited by 16
Long‐term regulation of local cytokine production following immunization in mice
Nakayama, T., Kashiwagi, Y., & Kawashima, H. (2017) · Microbiology and Immunology · doi:10.1111/1348-0421.12566 · Cited by 16
“NET were typically observed in bacterial infections and include cellular DNA and histones (33, 34).”
BackgroundBai, X., Aerts, S. L., Verma, D., Ordway, D. J., & Chan, E. D. (2018) · Immune Network · doi:10.4110/in.2018.18.e22 · Cited by 16
“NETs CS inhibited endogenous oxidative burst — which is required for NETs formation; thus, CS could inhibit formation of NETs (79,80)(H,M/H) M, murine; H, human; M/H, murine and human; NET, neutrophil extracellular trap.”
BackgroundGarley, M., Jabłońska, E., Surażyński, A., Grubczak, K., Ratajczak–Wrona, W., Iwaniuk, A., Dabrovska, D., Palka, J. A., & Moniuszko, M. (2017) · Folia Biologica · doi:10.14712/fb2017063050182 · Cited by 16
Anuclear neutrophils keep hunting
Peschel, A., & Hartl, D. (2012) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm.2918 · Cited by 16
Dying Cells and Extracellular Histones in AKI
Rosin, D. L., & Okusa, M. D. (2012) · Journal of the American Society of Nephrology · doi:10.1681/asn.2012060615 · Cited by 16
“Neutrophils are often the first responders to pathogens and tissue injury and are recruited to inflammatory sites to contain infections by a variety of means, including NETosis.(6) NETs serve important antibacterial functions, but histones (and perhaps other NET components) may also produce collateral damage to host b…”
Probiotics in Counteracting the Role of Neutrophils in Cancer Metastasis
Mangrolia, U., & Osborne, J. W. (2021) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines9111306 · Cited by 15
Direct and indirect methods of evaluating the NETosis process
Kasprzycka, W., Homa‐Mlak, I., Mlak, R., & Malecka-Massalska, T. J. (2019) · Journal of Pre-Clinical and Clinical Research · doi:10.26444/jpccr/105563 · Cited by 15
“The pathogens trapped in the chromatin NET are subjected to the action of various substances, such as histone proteins (core and H1 linker histones), cationic serine proteases (proteinase 3, cathepsin G, NE – neutrophil elastase), MPO (myeloperoxidase), BPI protein (bactericidal/ permeability-increasing protein with b…”
BackgroundKrzyżowska, M., Bąska, P., Grochowska, A., Orłowski, P., Nowak, Z., & Winnicka, A. (2013) · Immunobiology · doi:10.1016/j.imbio.2013.08.002 · Cited by 15
Wen, L., Zhao, M., Chi, H., & Sun, L. (2017) · Fish & Shellfish Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.fsi.2017.11.004 · Cited by 15
Epidemiology of major burns at the Lebanese Burn Center in Geitawi, Lebanon.
Ghanime, G., Rizkallah, N., & Said, J.-M. (2013) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 15
Santos, R. D. S., Rochael, N. C., Mattos, T. R. F., Silva, M. F. F. E., Linhares‐Lacerda, L., de Oliveira, L. T., Cunha, M. S., Mohana‐Borges, R., Gomes, T. A., Barbosa‐Silva, M. C., et al. (2023) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.202201904r · Cited by 13
From Stable to Lab—Investigating Key Factors for Sudden Deaths Caused by Streptococcus suis
Hennig‐Pauka, I., Imker, R., Mayer, L., Brügmann, M., Werckenthin, C., Weber, H., Menrath, A., & de Buhr, N. (2019) · Pathogens · doi:10.3390/pathogens8040249 · Cited by 14
Chi, H., Dong, Z., Gan, Q., Tang, X., Xing, J., Sheng, X., & Zhan, W. (2023) · Fish & Shellfish Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.fsi.2023.108570 · Cited by 13
Neutrophil Migratory Patterns: Implications for Cardiovascular Disease
Dahdah, A., Johnson, J., Sreejit, G., Jaggers, R. M., Webb, D. R., Murphy, A. J., Hanssen, N. M. J., Hanaoka, B. Y., & Nagareddy, P. R. (2022) · Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.3389/fcell.2022.795784 · Cited by 15
“microorganism phagocytosis, they can also directly kill pathogens through the action of antimicrobial histones and proteases (Papayannopoulos and Zychlinsky, 2009).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Papayannopoulos, V., & Zychlinsky, A.
- Affiliations
- Max Planck Society (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Papayannopoulos, Venizelos
- Venue
- Trends in Immunology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2009-11
- Volume
- 30
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 513-521
- ISSN
- 1471-4906 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2101674426
- Cited by
- 634
- References
- 101
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 34 · 2021: 31 · 2020: 30 · 2019: 39 · 2018: 45 · 2017: 45 · 2016: 50 · 2015: 35 · 2014: 51 · 2013: 46 · 2012: 68
- FWCI
- 3.72
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Trends in Immunology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics (submittedVersion)
- MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Neutrophil, Myeloperoxidase and Oxidative Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Microbiology › Antimicrobial Peptides and Activities
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Hematology › Blood disorders and treatments
- Keywords
- neutrophil extracellular traps, neutrophils, innate immunity, antimicrobial peptides, histones, chromatin, antimicrobial synergy
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Bacterial Infections, Chromatin, Histones, Humans, Immunity, Innate, Inflammation, Neutrophils, Phagocytosis, Cell Degranulation, Autoimmunity, Reactive Oxygen Species
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