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NETs: a new strategy for using old weapons
Abstract
As key players in the host innate immune response, neutrophils are recruited to sites of infection and constitute the first line of defense. They employ three strategies to eliminate invading microbes: microbial uptake, the secretion of antimicrobials, and the recently described release of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs). Composed of decondensed chromatin and antimicrobial proteins, NETs bind and kill a variety of microbes including bacteria, fungi, and parasites. In addition to using a repertoire of known antimicrobials, NETs incorporate histones into the antimicrobial arsenal. Furthermore, NETs may contribute to microbial containment by forming a physical barrier and a scaffold, to enhance antimicrobial synergy while minimizing damage to host tissues. Their role in innate immunity is only now being uncovered.
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“More recent evidence indicates that neutrophils can also eliminate organisms residing in the extracellular environment through the deployment of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs).”
From Immunology of Wound Healing (2018) · cites this paper as [41]
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“As NETs possuem duas funções efetoras, elas podem apenas aprisionar o patógeno, impedindo sua disseminação, ou podem ainda ter uma ação microbicida direta sobre os microrganismos aprisionados [53-55].”
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“These NETs contain host DNA and DNA binding proteins that can possibly bind fungal DNA and deliver the complexes into TLR9 compartments (Papayannopoulos and Zychlinsky 2009).”
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“Bacterial killing by neutrophils is believed to be accomplished by oxygen-dependent and oxygen-independent destructive principles as well as formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (Segal, 2005; Papayannopoulos and Zychlinsky, 2009).”
BackgroundNeutrophil Extracellular Traps
Marin‐Esteban, V., Barrientos, L., & Chollet‐Martin, S. (2013) · Encyclopedia of Inflammatory Diseases · doi:10.1007/978-3-0348-0620-6_181-1
Rekabi, M., Seif, F., Nouri, F., Mahdaviani, S. A., & Velayati, A. A. (2022) · Case Reports in Clinical Practice · doi:10.18502/crcp.v7i1.9628
Citrullinated Histone H3 as a Biomarker in Sepsis and Critical Care
Çakmak, F., & Özkan, S. (2022) · Biomarkers in disease · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-87302-8_67-1
Xu, L. Z., & Cai, M. (2023) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-2403410/v1
Metadata
- Authors
- Papayannopoulos, V., & Zychlinsky, A.
- Affiliations
- Max Planck Society (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Papayannopoulos, Venizelos
- Venue
- Trends in Immunology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2009-11
- Volume
- 30
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 513-521
- ISSN
- 1471-4906 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2101674426
- Cited by
- 634
- References
- 101
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 34 · 2021: 31 · 2020: 30 · 2019: 39 · 2018: 45 · 2017: 45 · 2016: 50 · 2015: 35 · 2014: 51 · 2013: 46 · 2012: 68
- FWCI
- 3.72
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Trends in Immunology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics (submittedVersion)
- MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Neutrophil, Myeloperoxidase and Oxidative Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Microbiology › Antimicrobial Peptides and Activities
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Hematology › Blood disorders and treatments
- Keywords
- neutrophil extracellular traps, neutrophils, innate immunity, antimicrobial peptides, histones, chromatin, antimicrobial synergy
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Bacterial Infections, Chromatin, Histones, Humans, Immunity, Innate, Inflammation, Neutrophils, Phagocytosis, Cell Degranulation, Autoimmunity, Reactive Oxygen Species
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