The DOI matches its Crossref record; 100 of the 101 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
NETs: a new strategy for using old weapons
Abstract
As key players in the host innate immune response, neutrophils are recruited to sites of infection and constitute the first line of defense. They employ three strategies to eliminate invading microbes: microbial uptake, the secretion of antimicrobials, and the recently described release of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs). Composed of decondensed chromatin and antimicrobial proteins, NETs bind and kill a variety of microbes including bacteria, fungi, and parasites. In addition to using a repertoire of known antimicrobials, NETs incorporate histones into the antimicrobial arsenal. Furthermore, NETs may contribute to microbial containment by forming a physical barrier and a scaffold, to enhance antimicrobial synergy while minimizing damage to host tissues. Their role in innate immunity is only now being uncovered.
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“More recent evidence indicates that neutrophils can also eliminate organisms residing in the extracellular environment through the deployment of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs).”
From Immunology of Wound Healing (2018) · cites this paper as [41]
Citations
Cites
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Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Kill Bacteria
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Self-citationAntimicrobial peptides of multicellular organisms
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Tissue Destruction by Neutrophils
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Novel cell death program leads to neutrophil extracellular traps
Fuchs, T. A., Abed, U., Goosmann, C., Hurwitz, R., Schulze, I., Wahn, V., Weinrauch, Y., Brinkmann, V., & Zychlinsky, A. (2007) · The Journal of Cell Biology · doi:10.1083/jcb.200606027 · Cited by 3,197
Self-citationNeutrophils and immunity: challenges and opportunities
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Resolution of inflammation: the beginning programs the end
Serhan, C. N., & Savill, J. (2005) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/ni1276 · Cited by 2,552
Platelet TLR4 activates neutrophil extracellular traps to ensnare bacteria in septic blood
Clark, S. R., Ma, A. C., Tavener, S. A., McDonald, B., Goodarzi, Z., Kelly, M. M., Patel, K. D., Chakrabarti, S., McAvoy, E., Sinclair, G. D., et al. (2007) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm1565 · Cited by 2,309
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Items 601–634 of 634
Bailo, G., Rodríguez, F. M., Carabajal-Miotti, C. L., de Frattari, S. G. R., Vargas, A. H., González-Silva, N. E., & Novák, I. (2023) · European Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.24018/clinicmed.2023.4.1.240
Yang, J., Jin, L., Kim, H. S., Tian, F., Yi, Z., Bedi, K., Ljungman, M. E., di Magliano, M. P., Crawford, H. C., & Shi, J. (2023) · doi:10.1158/0008-5472.c.6514316.v1
Neutrophils and Neutrophil Disorders
Holland, S. M., & Uzel, G. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-7020-8165-1.00039-3
Papel do nervo esplâncnico na regulação imunológica em um modelo de peritonite séptica
Ferreira, G. C. S. (2023) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/d.42.2023.tde-09102023-100420
Canine leukocytes and blood groups
Tizard, I. R. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-23681-5.00004-4
Feline leukocytes and erythrocytes
Tizard, I. R. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-29178-4.00004-6
Bovine leukocytes and blood groups
Tizard, I. R. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-33572-3.00005-9
Franco-da-Silva, M. M., Aubin, M. R., Vasconcellos, A. A., Sirena, D. H., Marchaki, G. B., Ruggeri, L. R., Hennigen, A. F., Muradás, T. C., da Silveira, A. B. T., Braganhol, E., et al. (2025) · Cell and Tissue Research · doi:10.1007/s00441-025-03970-6
“Among these mechanisms, the three most prominent are phagocytosis, degranulation, and the release of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) (Papayannopoulos and Zychlinsky 2009).”
Topa, N., Chadzińska, M., & Homa, J. (2025) · Developmental & Comparative Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.dci.2025.105430 · Cited by 2
Efficacy of Batroxobin on Ischemia–Reperfusion Injury in Epigastric Artery Island Flaps in Rats
Imagawa, K., Masuda, H., Morita, D., Otsuka, S., & Akamatsu, T. (2025) · Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery Global Open · doi:10.1097/gox.0000000000007188
“Although NETs are an extremely efficient system for eliminating pathogens, 9 they have also been implicated in promoting thrombus formation through interactions with platelets and coagulation factors, contributing to micro-circulatory disturbances.”
Tizard, I. R. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-41535-7.00007-x
Neutrophil migration and inflammation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Stockley, J. A. (2015) · University of Birmingham Institutional Research Archive (University of Birmingham)
McCormick, A. (2012) · Elektronische Hochschulschriften der LMU München (Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München) · doi:10.5282/edoc.14953
Braem, S. (2010) · Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University)
Xiao, J., Liu, Y., Zheng, L., Yang, Q., Hao, X., Zhao, Y., Chen, D., Feng, B., & Wang, L. (2026) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2025.1711893
Deng, Z., Xie, H., Huang, Y., Liao, J., Guo, J., Li, Y., Sun, Q., & Fu, Q. (2026) · One Health Advances · doi:10.1186/s44280-026-00108-3
“Crucially, studies confirm NETs function as physical barriers that entrap pathogens within localized foci, thereby preventing systemic dissemination [43, 44].”
Role of immune and nervous system interaction : pre-clinical and clinical studies
Daoudlarian, D. (2018) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/77feff3azfefbz422az89bdzeafc45e09199
ADN circulant nucléaire et mitochondrial et étude de l'influence de l'hypoxie sur leur libération
Cherone, A. (2019) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/35b2e61fz1d02z485cz8e73zce1599d078b8
Pereira-Abrantes, M. (2023) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/9966b97fz01d9z430dzb93dzb43bababd470
Zhou, Y., Xu, Q., Wang, Y., Wu, J., Li, Q., Wu, H., Li, Y., & Fan, X. (2026) · Molecular Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.molimm.2026.07.005
The hematology of horses and donkeys
Tizard, I. R. (2026) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-44863-8.00030-2
Lü, Y., Tan, W. F., Yang, X., Luo, T., Mei, C., Bu, H., Ma, J., Gong, C., Li, Z., Ou, Z., et al. (2026) · Pediatric Discovery · doi:10.1002/pdi3.70065
“Under normal conditions, NETs play a protective role by trapping and killing invading pathogens [13–15].”
Beyond One-Size-Fits-All: Precision Phenotyping
Díaz, M. A. T. (2026) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.1015478
Immune Cell Dynamics in Living Tissues: Insights From Intravital Microscopy
Byeon, H., Kim, D., Choi, H., Lee, J., & Lee, J. (2026) · Immune Network · doi:10.4110/in.2026.26.e41
The role of proteinase 3 in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Sinden, N. (2013) · University of Birmingham Institutional Research Archive (University of Birmingham)
Modulation fonctionnelle des cellules dendritiques par les « Neutrophil Extracellular Traps »
Barrientos, L. (2013) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/d74489c5z4048z43e4za7ebz0dd46aa98d1b
“…| Page Bactéries Cellule/Espèce Piégées Tuées Référence Aeromonas hydrophila Neu/Poisson (Brogden et al., 2012) Bacillus anthracis Neu/Humaine a (Papayannopoulos and Zychlinsky, 2009) Burkholderia pseudomallei pseudomallei Neu/Humaine a (Riyapa et al., 2012) Escherichia coli…”
BackgroundRepasy, T. (2014) · The Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) Network (American Medical Association) · doi:10.13028/m28k5c
“A combination of chromatin, histones, neutrophil elastase and other antimicrobial molecules trap and kill invading pathogens (77).”
BackgroundInvestigação do mecanismo de ação do peptídeo liberador de gastrina sobre respostas imunes
Czepielewski, R. S. (2011) · LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas)
Metadata
- Authors
- Papayannopoulos, V., & Zychlinsky, A.
- Affiliations
- Max Planck Society (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Papayannopoulos, Venizelos
- Venue
- Trends in Immunology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2009-11
- Volume
- 30
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 513-521
- ISSN
- 1471-4906 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2101674426
- Cited by
- 634
- References
- 101
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 34 · 2021: 31 · 2020: 30 · 2019: 39 · 2018: 45 · 2017: 45 · 2016: 50 · 2015: 35 · 2014: 51 · 2013: 46 · 2012: 68
- FWCI
- 3.72
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Trends in Immunology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics (submittedVersion)
- MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Neutrophil, Myeloperoxidase and Oxidative Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Microbiology › Antimicrobial Peptides and Activities
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Hematology › Blood disorders and treatments
- Keywords
- neutrophil extracellular traps, neutrophils, innate immunity, antimicrobial peptides, histones, chromatin, antimicrobial synergy
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Bacterial Infections, Chromatin, Histones, Humans, Immunity, Innate, Inflammation, Neutrophils, Phagocytosis, Cell Degranulation, Autoimmunity, Reactive Oxygen Species
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