Cited by 634Neutrophil, Myeloperoxidase and Oxidative MechanismsAntimicrobial Peptides and ActivitiesBlood disorders and treatments

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NETs: a new strategy for using old weapons

Papayannopoulos, Venizelos, Zychlinsky, Arturo·2009·Trends in Immunology

DOI 10.1016/j.it.2009.07.011

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Abstract

As key players in the host innate immune response, neutrophils are recruited to sites of infection and constitute the first line of defense. They employ three strategies to eliminate invading microbes: microbial uptake, the secretion of antimicrobials, and the recently described release of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs). Composed of decondensed chromatin and antimicrobial proteins, NETs bind and kill a variety of microbes including bacteria, fungi, and parasites. In addition to using a repertoire of known antimicrobials, NETs incorporate histones into the antimicrobial arsenal. Furthermore, NETs may contribute to microbial containment by forming a physical barrier and a scaffold, to enhance antimicrobial synergy while minimizing damage to host tissues. Their role in innate immunity is only now being uncovered.

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Background
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“26 Neutrophil-mediated immuno-thrombosis is a key driver of post-stroke inflammation, 27 and HSA possesses anti-inflammatory effects by modulating cytokine responses and improving BBB permeability.”
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“Upon further stimulation, the cell membrane ruptures, releasing chromatin with antimicrobial proteins, unfolding to form NETs, which can effectively trap and kill bacteria [12, 15 – 17].”
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“Moreover, it exerts an active role in liver fat deposition, including the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps [23].”
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“As a possible counter-regulatory mechanism, NETs seem to protect themselves from bacterial and perhaps human DNases by limiting the availability of divalent cations (see calprotectin) and consequently the activity of these enzymes [155].”
Extracellular traps formation and visualization methods
Pruchniak, A., Arana, M., & Demkow, U. A. (2012) · Cited by 5
Granulocytes: Neutrophils, Basophils, Eosinophils
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“Neutrophil Extracellular Traps: A Promising Path? Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) play a role in immune defense, autoimmunity, and sepsis (87).”
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New advances in understanding inhibition of myeloperoxidase and neutrophil serine proteases by two families of staphylococcal innate immune evasion proteins
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Molecular manipulation of the 1,5,6,7-tetrahydro-4H-indazol-4-one scaffold to obtain new human neutrophil elastase (HNE) inhibitors
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Tacrolimus Maintains the Balance of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps by Inducing DNA Methylation of Neutrophils to Reduce Immune Rejection
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Extracellular traps development in canine neutrophils induced by infective stage Toxocara canis larvae
AKKUŞ, G. N., & Yıldız, K. (2024) · Veterinary Parasitology · doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2024.110186 · Cited by 4
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Polarization of Tumor Infiltrating Leukocytes from Innate Immunity and their role in the Pro-angiogenic Phenotype in NSCLC
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Background
Autoinflammatory diseases and kidney involvement
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Neutrophils at the Maternal‐Fetal Interface: Agents of Protection or Destruction?
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“NETs immobilize bacteria, making them easier to phagocytise by other neutrophils 5 .”
BackgroundInfluential
Engineered Nanoparticles and the Immune System: Interaction and Consequences
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Inhibitors of Polyphosphate and Neutrophil Extracellular Traps
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Authors: Papayannopoulos, V., & Zychlinsky, A.
Affiliations: Max Planck Society (DE)
Corresponding author: Papayannopoulos, Venizelos
ORCID: Papayannopoulos, Venizelos
Zychlinsky, Arturo
Venue: Trends in Immunology
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2009-11
Volume: 30
Issue: 11
Pages: 513-521
ISSN: 1471-4906 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2009.07.011
OpenAlex: W2101674426
Cited by: 634
References: 101
Citations by year: 2026: 13 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 34 · 2021: 31 · 2020: 30 · 2019: 39 · 2018: 45 · 2017: 45 · 2016: 50 · 2015: 35 · 2014: 51 · 2013: 46 · 2012: 68
FWCI: 3.72
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Trends in Immunology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics (submittedVersion)
MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Neutrophil, Myeloperoxidase and Oxidative Mechanisms
Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Microbiology › Antimicrobial Peptides and Activities
Health Sciences › Medicine › Hematology › Blood disorders and treatments
Keywords: neutrophil extracellular traps, neutrophils, innate immunity, antimicrobial peptides, histones, chromatin, antimicrobial synergy
MeSH terms: Animals, Bacterial Infections, Chromatin, Histones, Humans, Immunity, Innate, Inflammation, Neutrophils, Phagocytosis, Cell Degranulation, Autoimmunity, Reactive Oxygen Species

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NETs: a new strategy for using old weapons

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