Demographic and clinical correlates of autism symptom domains and autism spectrum diagnosis
Open accessAbstract
Demographic and clinical factors may influence assessment of autism symptoms. This study evaluated these correlates and also examined whether social communication and interaction and restricted/repetitive behavior provided unique prediction of autism spectrum disorder diagnosis. We analyzed data from 7352 siblings included in the Interactive Autism Network registry. Social communication and interaction and restricted/repetitive behavior symptoms were obtained using caregiver-reports on the Social Responsiveness Scale. Demographic and clinical correlates were covariates in regression models predicting social communication and interaction and restricted/repetitive behavior symptoms. Logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic curve analyses evaluated the incremental validity of social communication and interaction and restricted/repetitive behavior domains over and above global autism symptoms. Autism spectrum disorder diagnosis was the strongest correlate of caregiver-reported social communication and interaction and restricted/repetitive behavior symptoms. The presence of comorbid diagnoses also increased symptom levels. Social communication and interaction and restricted/repetitive behavior symptoms provided significant, but modest, incremental validity in predicting diagnosis beyond global autism symptoms. These findings suggest that autism spectrum disorder diagnosis is by far the largest determinant of quantitatively measured autism symptoms. Externalizing (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder) and internalizing (anxiety) behavior, low cognitive ability, and demographic factors may confound caregiver-report of autism symptoms, potentially necessitating a continuous norming approach to the revision of symptom measures. Social communication and interaction and restricted/repetitive behavior symptoms may provide incremental validity in the diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Sex and gender and co-occurring ID and developmental, behavioral and medical conditions alter the presentation and measurement of core autism features.
“Furthermore, sex and gender7,8 and co-occurring ID and developmental, behavioral and medical conditions9,10 alter the presentation and measurement of core autism features.”
From Genetic correlates of phenotypic heterogeneity in autism (2022) · cites this paper as [9]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Williams, J. B. W., & First, M. B. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199975839.013.104 · Cited by 109,841 · see citing works
Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences
Cohen, J. (1990) · Computers Environment and Urban Systems · doi:10.1016/0198-9715(90)90050-4 · Cited by 65,406 · see citing works
Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences
Cohen, J. (2013) · doi:10.4324/9780203771587 · Cited by 25,373 · see citing works
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.
Widiger, T. A. (2000) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1037/10518-009 · Cited by 19,767 · see citing works
Hierarchical Linear Models: Applications and Data Analysis Methods.
Longford, N. T., Bryk, A. S., & Raudenbush, S. W. (1993) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2075823 · Cited by 18,768 · see citing works
Missing data: our view of the state of the art
Schafer, J. L., & Graham, J. W. (2002) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/1082-989x.7.2.147 · Cited by 11,638 · see citing works
Hierarchical Linear Models: Applications and Data Analysis Methods.
Goldstein, H., Bryk, A. S., & Raudenbush, S. W. (1993) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.2307/2290750 · Cited by 3,320 · see citing works
Constantino, J. N., Davis, S. A., Todd, R. D., Schindler, M. K., Gross, M. M., Brophy, S. L., Metzger, L. M., Shoushtari, C. S., Splinter, R., & Reich, W. (2003) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1023/a:1025014929212 · Cited by 1,611 · see citing works
Self-citationSummary of notifiable diseases--United States, 2012.
Adams, D. A., Jajosky, R. A., Ajani, U. A., Kriseman, J., Sharp, P., Onwen, D. H., Schley, A. W., Anderson, W. J., Grigoryan, A., Aranas, A. E., et al. (2014) · PubMed · Cited by 1,342 · see citing works
Autistic Traits in the General Population: A Twin Study
Constantino, J. N., & Todd, R. D. (2003) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.60.5.524 · Cited by 1,317 · see citing works
Self-citationMorbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
(2012) · Wilderness and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.wem.2011.11.005 · Cited by 1,033 · see citing works
Broader autism phenotype: evidence from a family history study of multiple-incidence autism families
(1997) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.154.2.185 · Cited by 777 · see citing works
The genetics of autism spectrum disorders and related neuropsychiatric disorders in childhood
Lichtenstein, P., Carlström, E., Råstam, M., Gillberg, C., & Anckarsäter, H. (2010) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.10020223 · Cited by 738 · see citing works
Mandy, W., Chilvers, R., Chowdhury, U., Salter, G., Seigal, A., & Skuse, D. (2012) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-011-1356-0 · Cited by 715 · see citing works
Combining Information From Multiple Sources in the Diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorders
RISI, S., LORD, C., GOTHAM, K., CORSELLO, C., CHRYSLER, C., SZATMARI, P., COOK, E. H., LEVENTHAL, B. L., & PICKLES, A. (2006) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/01.chi.0000227880.42780.0e · Cited by 581 · see citing works
Intergenerational transmission of subthreshold autistic traits in the general population
Constantino, J. N., & Todd, R. D. (2005) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.12.014 · Cited by 519 · see citing works
Self-citationSibling Recurrence and the Genetic Epidemiology of Autism
Constantino, J. N., Zhang, Y., Frazier, T., Abbacchi, A. M., & Law, P. (2010) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.09101470 · Cited by 481 · see citing works
Self-citationCharman, T., Taylor, E., Drew, A., Cockerill, H., Brown, J., & Baird, G. (2005) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2004.00377.x · Cited by 469 · see citing works
Using the SPSS Mixed Procedure to Fit Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Multilevel Models
Peugh, J., & Enders, C. K. (2005) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/0013164405278558 · Cited by 409 · see citing works
Validation of Proposed DSM-5 Criteria for Autism Spectrum Disorder
Frazier, T. W., Youngstrom, E. A., Speer, L., Embacher, R., Law, P., Constantino, J., Findling, R. L., Hardan, A. Y., & Eng, C. (2012) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2011.09.021 · Cited by 392 · cited 6× · see citing works
“Sensitivity analyses—Follow-up sensitivity analyses examined whether the pattern of results differed when using empirically derived diagnostic classifications (Frazier et al., 2012) as an alternative diagnostic criterion to caregiver-reported ASD diagnosis.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationThe factor structure of autistic traits
Constantino, J. N., Gruber, C. P., Davis, S., Hayes, S., Passanante, N., & Przybeck, T. (2004) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2004.00266.x · Cited by 370 · see citing works
Self-citationLord, C., Schopler, E., & Revicki, D. (1982) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/bf01538320 · Cited by 303 · see citing works
Factors influencing scores on the social responsiveness scale
Bal, V. H., Bishop, S. L., Gotham, K. O., Huerta, M., & Lord, C. (2012) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2012.02589.x · Cited by 290 · see citing works
Sex Differences in Toddlers with Autism Spectrum Disorders
Carter, A. S., Black, D. O., Tewani, S., Connolly, C. E., Kadlec, M. B., & Tager-Flusberg, H. (2007) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-006-0331-7 · Cited by 262 · see citing works
Testing the construct validity of proposed criteria for DSM-5 autism spectrum disorder
Mandy, W. P. L., Charman, T., & Skuse, D. H. (2012) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2011.10.013 · Cited by 191 · cited 2× · see citing works
“These findings, coupled with previous studies of autism symptom structure (Frazier et al., 2008; Mandy et al., 2012b), provide preliminary validation of proposed DSM-5 symptom domains and support separation of SCI and RRB. Future revisions of the SRS and other symptom measures—and current use of…”
BackgroundResultLundström, S., Chang, Z., Kerekes, N., Gumpert, C. H., Råstam, M., Gillberg, C., Lichtenstein, P., & Anckarsäter, H. (2011) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291711000377 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Accuracy of phenotyping of autistic children based on internet implemented parent report
Lee, H., Marvin, A. R., Watson, T., Piggot, J., Law, J. K., Law, P. A., Constantino, J. N., & Nelson, S. F. (2010) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.31103 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Self-citationMayes, S. D., Calhoun, S. L., Murray, M. J., Morrow, J. D., Yurich, K. K. L., Mahr, F., Cothren, S., Purichia, H., Bouder, J. N., & Petersen, C. A. (2009) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-009-0812-6 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Impact of IQ, age, SES, gender, and race on autistic symptoms
Mayes, S. D., & Calhoun, S. L. (2011) · Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2010.09.002 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Constantino, J. N., Hudziak, J. J., & Todd, R. D. (2003) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/01.chi.0000046811.95464.21 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Self-citationExploratory and confirmatory factor analysis of the Autism Diagnostic Interview—revised
Frazier, T. W., Youngstrom, E. A., Kubu, C. S., Sinclair, L., & Rezai, A. (2008) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-007-0415-z · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Self-citationQuantifying Dimensions in Autism: A Factor-Analytic Study
Szatmári, P., Mérette, C., Bryson, S. E., Thivierge, J., Roy, M., Cayer, M., & Maziade, M. (2002) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-200204000-00020 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
The structure of the Autism Diagnostic Interview—Revised: diagnostic and phenotypic implications
Snow, A. V., Lecavalier, L., & Houts, C. (2009) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2008.02018.x · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Moss, J. F., Magiati, I., Charman, T., & Howlin, P. (2007) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-007-0487-9 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Mildenberger, K., Sitter, S., Noterdaeme, M. A., & Amorosa, H. (2001) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s007870170014 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Onset Patterns Prior to 36 Months in Autism Spectrum Disorders
Kalb, L. G., Law, J. K., Landa, R., & Law, P. (2010) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-010-0998-7 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Self-citationSpecial Issue: Hierarchical Linear Models: Problems and Prospects
Kreft, I. G. G. (1995) · Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics · doi:10.3102/10769986020002109 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Kreft IGG Hierarchical linear models: problems and prospects Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics 1995 20 109 113
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Co-occurring psychiatric conditions in autism spectrum disorder
Rosen, T. E., Mazefsky, C. A., Vasa, R. A., & Lerner, M. D. (2018) · International Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/09540261.2018.1450229 · Cited by 325 · see citing works
Genetic correlates of phenotypic heterogeneity in autism
Warrier, V., Zhang, X., Reed, P., Havdahl, A., Moore, T. M., Cliquet, F., Leblond, C. S., Rolland, T., Rosengren, A., LEAP, E.-A., et al. (2022) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41588-022-01072-5 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Multidimensional Influences on Autism Symptom Measures: Implications for Use in Etiological Research
Havdahl, K. A., Hus Bal, V., Huerta, M., Pickles, A., Øyen, A.-S., Stoltenberg, C., Lord, C., & Bishop, S. L. (2016) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2016.09.490 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
- Authors
- Frazier, T. W., Youngstrom, E. A., Embacher, R., Hardan, A. Y., Constantino, J. N., Law, P., Findling, R. L., & Eng, C.
- Affiliations
- Cleveland Clinic (US)
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
- Stanford University (US)
- Washington University in St. Louis (US)
- Kennedy Krieger Institute (US)
- University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Autism
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2013-10-08
- Volume
- 18
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 571-582
- ISSN
- 1362-3613 (ISSN-L)
- 1461-7005
- PMC
- PMC4269571
- OpenAlex
- W2098770780
- Cited by
- 39
- References
- 39
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 3 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 3 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 1.28
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Autism (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) (submittedVersion)
- UNC Libraries
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5kl2rr024990-05, KL2TR000440)
- National Center for Research Resources (KL2-RR-024990, UL1RR024989)
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Child Nutrition and Feeding Issues
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetics and Neurodevelopmental Disorders
- Keywords
- autism spectrum disorder, restricted and repetitive behaviors, Social Responsiveness Scale, autism diagnosis, incremental validity, comorbidities, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, anxiety, cognitive ability, demographic factors, caregiver reports, reference values, siblings
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Age Factors, Anxiety Disorders, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Child, Child Development Disorders, Pervasive, Child, Preschool, Communication, Ethnicity, Female, Hispanic or Latino, Humans, Male, Intellectual Disability, ROC Curve, Sex Factors, Social Behavior, Stereotyped Behavior, Comorbidity, Logistic Models, White People
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
