Sex differences in scores on standardized measures of autism symptoms: a multisite integrative data analysis
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Background: Concerns have been raised that scores on standard measures of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) symptoms may differ as a function of sex. However, these findings are hindered by small female samples studied thus far. The current study evaluated if, after accounting for age, IQ, and language level, sex affects ASD severity estimates from diagnostic measures among children with ASD. Methods: Data were obtained from eight sources comprising 27 sites. Linear mixed‐effects models, including a random effect for site, were fit for 10 outcomes (Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule [ADOS] domain‐level calibrated severity scores, Autism Diagnostic Interview–Revised [ADI‐R] raw scores by age‐based algorithm, and raw scores from the two indices on the Social Responsiveness Scale [SRS]). Sex was added to the models after controlling for age, NVIQ, and an indicator for language level. Results: Sex significantly improved model fit for half of the outcomes, but least square mean differences were generally negligible (effect sizes [ES] < 0.20), increasing to small to moderate in adolescence (ES < 0.40). Boys received more severe RRB scores than girls on both the ADOS and ADI‐R (age 4 + algorithm), and girls received more severe scores than boys on both SRS indices, which emerged in adolescence. Conclusions: This study combined several available databases to create the largest sample of girls with ASD diagnoses. We found minimal differences due to sex beyond other known influences on ASD severity indicators. This may suggest that, among children who ultimately receive a clinical ASD diagnosis, severity estimates do not systematically differ to such an extent that sex‐specific scoring procedures would be necessary. However, given the limitations inherent in clinically ascertained samples, future research must address questions about systematic sex differences among children or adults who do not receive clinical diagnoses of ASD. Moreover, while the current study helps resolve questions about widely used diagnostic instruments, we could not address sex differences in phenotypic aspects outside of these scores.
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Large-scale studies in the last 10 years indicate that cognitive and language abilities vary substantially across sexes and genders in the autistic population, with the most consistent difference being slightly lower restricted and repetitive behaviour scores in females than males.
“Large-scale studies published in the last 10 years indicate that cognitive and language abilities vary substantially across all sexes and genders in the autistic population, with the most consistent difference being slightly lower restricted and repetitive behaviour scores in females than in males94,104,105.”
From Sex and gender in neurodevelopmental conditions (2023) · cites this paper as [105]
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- Authors
- Kaat, A. J., Shui, A. M., Ghods, S. S., Farmer, C. A., Esler, A. N., Thurm, A., Georgiades, S., Kanne, S. M., Lord, C., Kim, Y. S., & Bishop, S. L.
- Affiliations
- Northwestern University (US)
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- University of Minnesota (US)
- McMaster University (CA)
- University of Missouri (US)
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- Corresponding author
- Bishop, Somer L.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2020-04-20
- Volume
- 62
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 97-106
- ISSN
- 0021-9630 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-7610
- PMC
- PMC8115212
- OpenAlex
- W3016330668
- Cited by
- 116
- References
- 62
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 6
- FWCI
- 10.22
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH081873, ZIC MH002961)
- Autism Science Foundation (ASP‐002)
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01HD081199, R01HD093012)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Child Nutrition and Feeding Issues
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetics and Neurodevelopmental Disorders
- Keywords
- autism spectrum disorder, sex differences, autism severity, Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule, ADI-R, Social Responsiveness Scale, restricted and repetitive behaviors, autistic girls, adolescents, language proficiency levels
- MeSH terms
- Autism Spectrum Disorder, Data Analysis, Adolescent, Adult, Autistic Disorder, Child, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Male, Sex Characteristics
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