Data-Driven Subtyping of Executive Function–Related Behavioral Problems in Children
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OBJECTIVE: Executive functions (EF) are cognitive skills that are important for regulating behavior and for achieving goals. Executive function deficits are common in children who struggle in school and are associated with multiple neurodevelopmental disorders. However, there is also considerable heterogeneity across children, even within diagnostic categories. This study took a data-driven approach to identify distinct clusters of children with common profiles of EF-related difficulties, and then identified patterns of brain organization that distinguish these data-driven groups. METHOD: The sample consisted of 442 children identified by health and educational professionals as having difficulties in attention, learning, and/or memory. We applied community clustering, a data-driven clustering algorithm, to group children by similarities on a commonly used rating scale of EF-associated behavioral difficulties, the Conners 3 questionnaire. We then investigated whether the groups identified by the algorithm could be distinguished on white matter connectivity using a structural connectomics approach combined with partial least squares analysis. RESULTS: The data-driven clustering yielded 3 distinct groups of children with symptoms of one of the following: (1) elevated inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity, and poor EF; (2) learning problems; or (3) aggressive behavior and problems with peer relationships. These groups were associated with significant interindividual variation in white matter connectivity of the prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortices. CONCLUSION: In sum, data-driven classification of EF-related behavioral difficulties identified stable groups of children, provided a good account of interindividual differences, and aligned closely with underlying neurobiological substrates.
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Adolescents with ADHD, ASD, and learning deficits cluster into unique cognitive profiles that do not map onto diagnostic categories.
“Importantly, while the first group consisted of mostly participants diagnosed with ADHD, all three groups contained children from each of the three diagnostic categories.”
From Heterogeneity of executive function revealed by a functional random forest approach across ADHD and ASD (2020) · cites this paper as Bathelt et al., 2018
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Self-citationExploring cognitive diversity in a sample of children from Unsatisfied Basic Needs homes.
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- Authors
- Bathelt, J., Holmes, J., Astle, D. E., Holmes, J., Gathercole, S., Astle, D., Manly, T., & Kievit, R.
- Affiliations
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Bathelt, Joe
- Venue
- Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2018-04
- Volume
- 57
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 252-262.e4
- ISSN
- 0890-8567 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5889789
- OpenAlex
- W2729782039
- Cited by
- 71
- References
- 59
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 3
- FWCI
- 4.72
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UEA Digital Repository (University of East Anglia) (submittedVersion)
- Apollo (University of Cambridge) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Apollo (cc-by)
- Funders
- Medical Research Council (MC‐A0606‐5PQ41, MC-A0606-5PQ40, 5PQ40)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- executive function, children, data-driven clustering, white matter connectivity, structural connectomics, inattention, hyperactivity/impulsivity, learning difficulties, aggression, peer relationships, prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, neurodevelopmental disorders, individual heterogeneity
- MeSH terms
- Problem Behavior, Autism Spectrum Disorder, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Brain, Child, Female, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Surveys and Questionnaires, Executive Function
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