Patterns of early change and their relationship to outcome and follow-up among patients with major depressive disorders

Lutz, Wolfgang; Stulz, Niklaus; Köck, Katharina

doi:10.1016/j.jad.2009.01.019

Cited by 186Psychotherapy Techniques and ApplicationsTreatment of Major DepressionAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes

Patterns of early change and their relationship to outcome and follow-up among patients with major depressive disorders

Lutz, Wolfgang, Stulz, Niklaus, Köck, Katharina·2009·Journal of Affective Disorders

DOI 10.1016/j.jad.2009.01.019

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Abstract

Background While highlighting the efficacy of different treatments for major depressive disorders (MDD), findings of the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Treatment of Depression Collaborative Research Program (TDCRP) often are interpreted as supporting the idea of treatment non-specificity for MDD. However, heterogeneity in treatment courses and outcomes might be undetected when focusing only on types of treatment in terms of sample means without taking into account early change in treatment.Method In this study, growth mixture models (GMM) were used in the completer sample of N=162 patients from the NIMH TDCRP to identify meaningful patterns of early change of depression severity that are shared by many individual patients.Results Results revealed three typical patterns of early change over the first 8 weeks of treatment irrespective of the type of treatment protocol provided: (a) moderate to severe depression with moderate early improvement, (b) moderate to severe depression with rapid early improvement, and (c) mild to moderate depression with moderate early improvement. In contrast to the type of treatment, these differential patterns of early response (together with overall pre-treatment symptom severity) predicted outcomes (i.e. depression severity) at treatment termination and over the 1.5-year follow-up period.Limitations Due to the small sample size and the controlled setting of this study the degree to which these results can be generalized to clinical practice has to be further investigated.Conclusions The findings provide further support for the assumption that early change is an important factor for the prediction of short- and long-term outcome in psychotherapy.

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Daily affect dynamics predict early response in CBT: Feasibility and predictive validity of EMA for outpatient psychotherapy
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Diagnostic Features of Nonverbal Synchrony in Psychotherapy: Comparing Depression and Anxiety
Paulick, J., Rubel, J., Deisenhofer, A.-K., Schwartz, B., Thielemann, D., Altmann, U., Boyle, K., Strauss, B., & Lutz, W. (2018) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-018-9914-9 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Microinterventions targeting regulatory focus and regulatory fit selectively reduce dysphoric and anxious mood
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The EVIDENT-trial: protocol and rationale of a multicenter randomized controlled trial testing the effectiveness of an online-based psychological intervention
Klein, J. P., Berger, T., Schröder, J., Späth, C., Meyer, B., Caspar, F., Lutz, W., Greiner, W., Hautzinger, M., Rose, M., et al. (2013) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-13-239 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
General and comparative efficacy and effectiveness of antidepressants in the acute treatment of depressive disorders: a report by the WPA section of pharmacopsychiatry
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A mixed-method investigation of patient monitoring and enhanced feedback in routine practice: Barriers and facilitators
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Clinical effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy for depression in routine care: A propensity score based comparison between randomized controlled trials and clinical practice
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The impact of early symptom change and therapeutic alliance on treatment outcome in cognitive-behavioural therapy for eating disorders
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Defining early positive response to psychotherapy: An empirical comparison between clinically significant change criteria and growth mixture modeling.
Rubel, J., Lutz, W., Kopta, S., Köck, K., Minami, T., Zimmermann, D., & Saunders, S. (2015) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/pas0000060 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
The contributions of focused attention and open monitoring in mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for affective disturbances: A 3-armed randomized dismantling trial
Cullen, B., Eichel, K., Lindahl, J. R., Rahrig, H., Kini, N., Flahive, J., & Britton, W. B. (2021) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0244838 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Response rate profiles for major depressive disorder: Characterizing early response and longitudinal nonresponse
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Patterns of Change in Different Phases of Outpatient Psychotherapy: A Stage‐Sequential Pattern Analysis of Change in Session Reports
Rubel, J. A., Lutz, W., & Schulte, D. (2013) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.1868 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Lending an Ear to Feedback Systems: Evaluation of Recovery and Non-Response in Psychotherapy in a German Outpatient Setting
Lutz, W., Boehnke, J. R., & Köck, K. (2010) · Community Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10597-010-9307-3 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Patient centredness and the outcome of primary care consultations with patients with depression in areas of high and low socioeconomic deprivation
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Early Response to Psychotherapy and Long-term Change in Worry Symptoms in Older Adults with Generalized Anxiety Disorder
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Single-case experimental research designs.
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Outcome Orientated Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services (OO-CAMHS): A whole service model
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Psychotherapy credibility ratings: Patient predictors of credibility and the relation of credibility to therapy outcome
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Validating the Rapid Responder Construct Within a Practice Research Network
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Therapie-Non-Response in der psychosomatischen Krankenhausbehandlung und Rehabilitation - Eine systematische Übersicht
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Predictors of Response to Web-Based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy With High-Intensity Face-to-Face Therapist Guidance for Depression: A Bayesian Analysis
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Methodological background of decision rules and feedback tools for outcomes management in psychotherapy
Lutz, W., Stulz, N., Martinovich, Z., Leon, S. C., & Saunders, S. M. (2009) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503300802688486 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Trajectories of depression and anxiety symptom severity during psychological therapy for common mental health problems
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Modeling Trajectory of Depressive Symptoms Among Psychiatric Inpatients: A Latent Growth Curve Approach
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Early Change Trajectories in Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Binge-Eating Disorder
Hilbert, A., Herpertz, S., Zipfel, S., Tuschen‐Caffier, B., Friederich, H., Mayr, A. J., Crosby, R. D., & de Zwaan, M. (2018) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2018.03.013 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Early response in cognitive-behavior therapy for syndromes of medically unexplained symptoms
Kleinstäuber, M., Lambert, M. J., & Hiller, W. (2017) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-017-1351-x · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Symptom change trajectories during inpatient psychotherapy in routine care and their associations with long-term outcomes
Melchior, H., Schulz, H., Kriston, L., Hergert, A., Hofreuter-Gätgens, K., Bergelt, C., Morfeld, M., Koch, U., & Watzke, B. (2016) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2016.02.046 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
CBT for eating disorders: The impact of early changes in eating pathology on later changes in personality pathology, anxiety and depression
Turner, H. M., Marshall, E. J., Wood, F., Stopa, L. L., & Waller, G. (2015) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2015.11.011 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Post-migration treatment targets associated with reductions in depression and PTSD among survivors of torture seeking asylum in the USA
Kashyap, S., Page, A. C., & Joscelyne, A. (2018) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2018.12.047 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Brief and Telehealth Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) Interventions for Stress in Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD): A Series of Single Case Experimental Design (SCED) Studies
Lavelle, J., Storan, D., Eswara Murthy, V., De Dominicis, N., Mulcahy, H. E., & McHugh, L. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm11102757 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“Furthermore, this rapid response is associated with long-term improvements in functioning and a reduction in long-term relapse rates [39,43,45].”
Background
Machine learning prediction of anxiety symptoms in social anxiety disorder: utilizing multimodal data from virtual reality sessions
Park, J.-H., Shin, Y.-B., Jung, D., Hur, J., Pack, S. P., Lee, H.-J., Lee, H., & Cho, C. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1504190 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Ending an Elite Sports Career: Case Report of Behavioral Activation Applied as an Evidence-Based Intervention With a Former Olympic Athlete Developing Depression
Lundqvist, C. (2020) · The Sport Psychologist · doi:10.1123/tsp.2019-0152 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Self-Regulation and Mechanisms of Action in Psychotherapy: A Theory-Based Translational Perspective
Strauman, T. J., Goetz, E., Detloff, A., Macduffie, K. E., Zaunmüller, L., & Lutz, W. (2013) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12012 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
The predictive value of early response in patients with depressive disorders
Schlagert, H. S., & Hiller, W. (2016) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2015.1119329 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
The Roles of Early Response and Sudden Gains on Depression Outcomes: Findings From a Randomized Controlled Trial of Behavioral Activation in Goa, India
Singla, D. R., Hollon, S. D., Fairburn, C. G., Dimidjian, S., & Patel, V. (2019) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702619825860 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Wenn Therapien vorzeitig scheitern
Cinkaya, F., Schindler, A. C., & Hiller, W. (2011) · Zeitschrift für Klinische Psychologie und Psychotherapie · doi:10.1026/1616-3443/a000121 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Trajectories of depression in psychotherapy: How client characteristics predict clinical improvement
Lin, T., & Farber, B. A. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.23119 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Readiness to change as a moderator of therapy outcome in patients with somatoform disorders
Heider, J., Köck, K., Sehlbrede, M., & Schröder, A. (2017) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2016.1265686 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Common Factors and Depressive Symptom Relief Trajectories in Group Teletherapy for Persons Ageing with HIV
Heckman, T. G., Heckman, B. D., Anderson, T., Bianco, J. A., Sutton, M., & Lovejoy, T. I. (2017) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.1989 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Implementation of a Guided, Digital Cognitive Behavioral Program for Anxiety in Primary Care: Preliminary Findings of Engagement and Effectiveness
Yu, J. S., Szigethy, E., Wallace, M., Solano, F., & Oser, M. (2018) · Telemedicine and e-Health · doi:10.1089/tmj.2017.0280 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
A systematic review of predictors and moderators of treatment outcomes in internet- and mobile-based interventions for depression
Sextl-Plötz, T., Steinhoff, M., Baumeister, H., Cuijpers, P. J., Ebert, D. D., & Zarski, A. (2024) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2024.100760 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Determinants of patient-reported outcome trajectories and symptomatic recovery in Improving Access to Psychological Therapies (IAPT) services
Štochl, J., Soneson, E., Stuart, F., Fritz, J., Walsh, A. E. L., Croudace, T. J., Hodgekins, J., Patel, U. J., Russo, D. A., Knight, C., et al. (2021) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291720005395 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Diagnostik und psychometrische Verlaufsrückmeldungen im Rahmen eines Modellprojektes zur Qualitätssicherung in der ambulanten Psychotherapie
Lutz, W., Boehnke, J. R., Köck, K., & Bittermann, A. (2011) · Zeitschrift für Klinische Psychologie und Psychotherapie · doi:10.1026/1616-3443/a000125 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Early response to cognitive behavioral therapy for body dysmorphic disorder as a predictor of outcomes
Greenberg, J. L., Jacobson, N. C., Hoeppner, S. S., Bernstein, E. E., Snorrason, Í., Schwartzberg, A. C., Steketee, G. S., Phillips, K. A., & Wilhelm, S. (2022) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.06.001 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Early Dropout from Psychotherapy for Depression with Group- and Network-model Therapists
Simon, G. E., Ding, V. Y., Hubbard, R. A., Fishman, P. A., Ludman, E. J., Morales, L. S., Operskalski, B. H., & Savarino, J. E. (2011) · Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research · doi:10.1007/s10488-011-0364-x · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Movement-based patient-therapist attunement in psychological therapy and its association with early change
Schwartz, B., Rubel, J. A., Deisenhofer, A., & Lutz, W. (2022) · Digital Health · doi:10.1177/20552076221129098 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Examining differential effects of psychosocial treatments for cocaine dependence: An application of latent trajectory analyses
Stulz, N., Gallop, R., Lutz, W., Wrenn, G. L., & Crits-Christoph, P. F. (2009) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2009.08.009 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Pretreatment and process predictors of nonresponse at different stages of inpatient psychotherapy
Reuter, L., Münder, T., Altmann, U., Hartmann, A., Strauss, B. M., & Scheidt, C. E. (2015) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2015.1030471 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Personalized assessment and treatment of depression
Fisher, A. J., & Bosley, H. G. (2015) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2015.03.031 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
The role of sampling in clinical trial design
Krause, M. S., Lutz, W., & Boehnke, J. R. (2011) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2010.549520 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
The trajectory of depressive symptoms and the association with quality of life and suicidal ideation in patients with major depressive disorder
Lai, W., Liao, Y., Zhang, H., Zhao, H., Li, Y., Chen, R., Shi, G., Liu, Y., Hao, J., Li, Z., et al. (2025) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-025-06743-1 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Identifying risk of deliberate self-harm through longitudinal monitoring of psychological distress in an inpatient psychiatric population
Kashyap, S., Hooke, G. R., & Page, A. C. (2015) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-015-0464-3 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Working along sudden gains: Responsiveness on small and subtle early changes and exceptions.
Flückiger, C., Holtforth, M. G., Re, A. C. D., & Lutz, W. (2013) · Psychotherapy · doi:10.1037/a0031940 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Premature termination of the unified protocol for the transdiagnostic treatment of emotional disorders: The role of ambivalence towards change
Oliveira, J. T., Sousa, I., Ribeiro, A. P., & Gonçalves, M. M. (2021) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2694 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Course of Subtypes of Late-Life Depression Identified by Bipartite Network Analysis During Psychosocial Interventions
Solomonov, N., Lee, J., Banerjee, S., Chen, S. Z., Sirey, J. A., Gunning, F. M., Liston, C. M., Raue, P. J., Areán, P. A., & Alexopoulos, G. S. (2023) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2023.0815 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Does early improvement in major depression protect against treatment emergent suicidal ideation?
Seemüller, F., Schennach-Wolff, R., Obermeier, M., Henkel, V., Möller, H. J., & Riedel, M. J. (2009) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2009.10.010 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Overcoming a Poor Early Response with Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Skills
Murphy, S. T., Cheavens, J. S., & Strunk, D. R. (2020) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-020-10140-1 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
The first session matters: Therapist responsiveness and the therapeutic alliance in the treatment of borderline personality disorder
Culina, I., Fiscalini, E., Martin-Söelch, C., & Kramer, U. (2022) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2783 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Typical symptom change patterns and their predictors in patients with social anxiety disorder: A latent class analysis
Altmann, U., Gawlytta, R., Hoyer, J., Leichsenring, F., Leibing, E., Beutel, M. E., Willutzki, U., Herpertz, S., & Strauss, B. M. (2020) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102200 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Affective impact and electrocortical correlates of a psychotherapeutic microintervention: An ERP study of cognitive restructuring
Zaunmüller, L., Lutz, W., & Strauman, T. J. (2013) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2013.847986 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Determining prognostic variables of treatment outcome in obsessive–compulsive disorder: effectiveness and its predictors in routine clinical care
Herzog, P., Osen, B., Stierle, C., Middendorf, T., Voderholzer, U., Koch, S., Feldmann, M., Rief, W., & Brakemeier, E. (2021) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-021-01284-6 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Experiential Dynamic Therapy: A Preliminary Investigation Into the Effectiveness and Process of the Extended Initial Session
Doorn, K. A., Macdonald, J. B., Stein, M., Cooper, A. M., & Tucker, S. (2014) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.22094 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self‐harm in nurses: prevalence and correlates
Cheung, T. C. C., & Yip, P. S. F. (2016) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1111/jan.12987 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Three sessions of intensive short-term dynamic psychotherapy (ISTDP) for patients with dissociative seizures: a pilot study
Castillo, J. M., Beton, E., Coman, C., Howell, B., Burness, C., Martlew, J., Russell, L. A., Town, J. M., Abbass, A. A., Algorta, G. P., et al. (2022) · Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy · doi:10.1080/02668734.2021.2018623 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
The Illness Density Index (IDI): A longitudinal measure of treatment efficacy
Kelley, M. E., Franco, A. R., Mayberg, H. S., & Holtzheimer, P. E. (2012) · Clinical Trials · doi:10.1177/1740774512450099 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Verlaufsmuster depressiver Störungen bei ambulanten psychotherapeutischen Behandlungen und deren Vorhersage/ Typical patterns of depressive disorders during outpatient psychotherapy and their prediction
Altmann, U., Steyer, R., Kramer, D., Steffanowski, A., Wittmann, W. W., von Heymann, F., Auch, E., Bruckmayer, E., Pfaffinger, I., Fembacher, A., et al. (2015) · Zeitschrift für psychosomatische Medizin und Psychotherapie · doi:10.13109/zptm.2015.61.2.156 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Evaluation of the online-based self-help programme “Selfapy” in patients with unipolar depression: study protocol for a randomized, blinded parallel group dismantling study
Krämer, R., & Köhler, S. (2021) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-021-05218-4 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
The Role of Daily Steps in the Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder: Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Controlled Trial of a 6-Month Internet-Based, Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Intervention for Youth
Dang, K., Ritvo, P., Katz, J. D., Gratzer, D., Knyahnytska, Y., Ortiz, A., Walters, C., Attia, M., Gonzalez‐Torres, C., Lustig, A., et al. (2023) · Interactive Journal of Medical Research · doi:10.2196/46419 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Prediction of prolonged treatment course for depressive and anxiety disorders in an outpatient setting: The Leiden routine outcome monitoring study
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The non-cognitive returns to vocational school tracking: South Korean evidence
Yu, B., & Kelly, S. (2019) · International Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.1016/j.ijer.2019.09.008 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Response und Non-Response in der stationären Psychotherapie depressiver Patienten
Voderholzer, U., Koch, S., Hillert, A., & Schlegl, S. (2012) · Psychotherapeut (Berlin) · doi:10.1007/s00278-012-0931-y · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Has growth mixture modeling improved our understanding of how early change predicts psychotherapy outcome?
Koffmann, A. (2017) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2017.1294771 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Evidence-Based Psychiatry
Hobbs, M. J. (2015) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-097086-8.27025-6 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Latent classes of symptom trajectories during partial hospitalization for major depressive disorder and generalized anxiety disorder
Terrill, D. R., Dellavella, C., King, B. T., Hubert, T., Wild, H., & Zimmerman, M. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2023.03.036 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Predicting outcome of daycare cognitive behavioural therapy in a naturalistic sample of patients with PTSD: a machine learning approach
Stuke, H., Schoofs, N., Johanßen, H., Bermpohl, F., Ülsmann, D., Schulte‐Herbrüggen, O., & Priebe, K. (2021) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2021.1958471 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Latent trajectories of change for clients at a psychodynamic training clinic
Jankowski, P. J., Sandage, S. J., Bell, C. A., Rupert, D., Bronstein, M., & Stavros, G. S. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.22769 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Enhancing feedback for clinical use: Creating and evaluating profiles of clients seeking counseling.
Nordberg, S. S., Castonguay, L. G., McAleavey, A. A., Locke, B. D., & Hayes, J. A. (2016) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/cou0000147 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Different lens or different picture? Comparing methods of defining dramatic change in psychotherapy
Erekson, D., Horner, J., & Lambert, M. (2018) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2016.1247217 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Implementing routine outcome monitoring in public mental health services in Israel: Shared and unique challenges
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Trajectories of Treatment Change among Patients with Major Depressive Disorder: Predictors and Associations with Outcome
Kilmer, J. N. (2017) · doi:10.12794/metadc1011764
How does early symptom change predict subsequent course of depressive symptoms during psychotherapy?
Fuhr, K., Werle, D., & Batra, A. (2021) · Psychology and psychotherapy · doi:10.1111/papt.12370 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Defining early positive response to psychotherapy: An empirical comparison between clinically significant change criteria and growth mixture modeling.
Rubel, J., Lutz, W., Kopta, S., Köck, K., Minami, T., Zimmermann, D., & Saunders, S. (2015) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/pas0000060 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Patterns of symptom change in major depression: Classification and clustering of long term courses
Hartmann, A., von Wietersheim, J., Weiß, H., & Zeeck, A. (2018) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2018.03.086 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Trajectories of change in depression severity during treatment with antidepressants
Uher, R., Muthén, B., Souery, D., Mors, O. N., Jaracz, J., Placentino, A., Petrovic, A., Zobel, A. W., Henigsberg, N., Rietschel, M., et al. (2009) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291709991528 · Cited by 128 · see citing works

Authors: Lutz, W., Stulz, N., & Köck, K.
Affiliations: Universität Trier (DE)
University of Pennsylvania (US)
Corresponding author: Lutz, Wolfgang
ORCID: Lutz, Wolfgang
Stulz, Niklaus
Venue: Journal of Affective Disorders
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2009-11
Volume: 118
Issue: 1-3
Pages: 60-68
ISSN: 0165-0327 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2009.01.019
OpenAlex: W2026334685
Cited by: 186
References: 70
Citations by year: 2026: 9 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 35 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 10
FWCI: 8.82
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Journal of Affective Disorders (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health
National Institute of Mental Health
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Treatment of Major Depression
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Keywords: major depressive disorder, early treatment response, treatment outcome prediction, follow-up outcomes, depression severity, growth mixture modeling, psychotherapy
MeSH terms: Adult, Ambulatory Care, Antidepressive Agents, Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic, Combined Modality Therapy, Major Depressive Disorder, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Imipramine, Male, Middle Aged, Patient Admission, Personality Inventory, Psychometrics, Psychotherapy, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Treatment Outcome

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Patterns of early change and their relationship to outcome and follow-up among patients with major depressive disorders

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