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Cited by 101Mental Health Treatment and AccessHealth Systems, Economic Evaluations, Quality of LifeTreatment of Major Depression

The societal cost of depression: Evidence from 10,000 Swedish patients in psychiatric care

Ekman, M., Granström, O., Omérov, S., Jacob, J., Landén, M.·2013·Journal of Affective Disorders
DOI 10.1016/j.jad.2013.03.003
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Abstract

Objective Depression cost studies have mainly taken a primary care perspective and should be completed with cost estimates from psychiatric care. The objectives of this study were to estimate the societal per-patient cost of depression in specialized psychiatric care in Sweden, and to relate costs to disease severity, depressive episodes, hospitalization, and patient functioning.Methods Retrospective resource use data in inpatient and outpatient care for 2006-2008, as well as ICD-10 diagnoses and Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF), were obtained from the Northern Stockholm psychiatric clinic (covering half of Stockholm's population aged 18 years and above). As a complement, data from national registers on pharmaceuticals and sick leave were used in order to estimate the societal cost of depression.Results Based on 10,430 patients (63% women), the mean annual per-patient cost was €17,279 in 2008. The largest cost item was indirect costs due to productivity losses (88%), followed by outpatient care (6%). Patients with mild and severe depression had average costs of €14,200 and €21,500, respectively. Total costs were substantially higher during depressive episodes, among patients with co-morbid psychosis or anxiety, for hospitalized patients, and for patients with poor functioning.Limitations Primary care costs and costs for reduced productivity at work were not included.Conclusions The main cost item among depression patients in psychiatric care was indirect costs. Costs were higher than previously reported for primary care, and strongly related to hospitalization, depressive episodes, and low functioning. This suggests that effective treatment that avoids depressive episodes and hospitalization may reduce society's costs for depression.

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  • Impairments in psychosocial functioning, notably decrements in work productivity, are key determinants of major depressive disorder-related societal costs.

    “This finding is particularly important when considering that impairments in psychosocial functioning, notably decrements in work productivity, are key determinants of MDD-related societal costs [13].”

    From Cognitive remission: a novel objective for the treatment of major depression? (2016) · cites this paper as [13]

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Authors
Ekman, M., Granström, O., Omérov, S., Jacob, J., & Landén, M.
Affiliations
  • AstraZeneca (Sweden) (SE)
  • Stockholm Health Care Services (SE)
  • Karolinska Institutet (SE)
Corresponding author
Ekman, M.
ORCID
Venue
Journal of Affective Disorders
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2013-09
Volume
150
Issue
3
Pages
790-797
ISSN
0165-0327 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.jad.2013.03.003
OpenAlex
W2021790406
Cited by
101
References
37
Citations by year
2025: 5 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 1
FWCI
12.48
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations
  • Journal of Affective Disorders (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
AstraZeneca
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
  • Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Health Systems, Economic Evaluations, Quality of Life
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Treatment of Major Depression
Keywords
depression, social costs, psychiatric nursing, indirect costs, productivity loss, sick leave, hospitalization, depressive episodes, Global Assessment of Functioning, disease severity, comorbidities, psychiatric inpatients and outpatients
MeSH terms
Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Ambulatory Care, Major Depressive Disorder, Depressive Disorder, Major, Female, Health Resources, Hospitalization, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Primary Health Care, Retrospective Studies, Sweden, Comorbidity, Health Care Costs, Cost of Illness, Sick Leave, International Classification of Diseases, Young Adult

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