Psychopathology and functioning among children of treated depressed fathers and mothers
Open accessAbstract
Objective Recent findings suggest that remissions of maternal depression are associated with decrease in offspring psychopathology. Little is known about the offspring effects of decrease in paternal depression.Method The offspring of married fathers and married mothers were compared. The analysis was restricted to married parents to control for the confounding effect of single parenthood which was more prevalent among depressed mothers. At baseline all parents met criteria for major depressive disorder (MDD), and participated in a 3 month randomized controlled trial to treat depression with a 6 month follow-up. Married parents (N=43) and their children aged 7-17 years (N=78) were assessed independently through direct interviews of children and parents at baseline and followed for 9 months. Child assessors were blind to the clinical status of parents and uninvolved in their treatment.Results At baseline, children of depressed fathers, compared to children of depressed mothers, had significantly fewer psychiatric disorders (11% vs. 37%; p=0.012) and less impairment as measured by the Columbia Impairment Scale (6.5 vs. 11.6; p=0.009). Over time, with treatment of parental depression, the prevalence of most child symptoms decreased among children of depressed mothers, but changed little among children of depressed fathers.Limitations The main limitation of the study is the small number of fathers and their offspring included in the study.Conclusion Maternal as compared to paternal depression had a greater impact on children. With treatment of parental depression the differential prevalence of child symptoms by parental gender narrowed over time. The clinical implication is that children may benefit from treatment of their depressed parents.
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The review identified a combined total of 21,970 fathers, with samples ranging from 9 to 10,975.
“The review identified a combined total of n=21970 fathers with samples ranging from n=9 (Pilowsky et al. 2014) to n=10975 (Ramchandani et al. 2008b).”
From The effects of paternal depression on child and adolescent outcomes: A systematic review (2016) · cites this paper as Pilowsky et al. 2014
A total of 23,385 offspring were included, ranging from 19 to 10,494.
“A total of n=23,385 offspring were included, ranging from n=19 (Pilowsky et al. 2014) to n=10,494 (Hanington et al. 2010).”
From The effects of paternal depression on child and adolescent outcomes: A systematic review (2016) · cites this paper as Pilowsky et al. 2014
Blinding of assessors was unaccounted for consistently, with only one study employing partial blinding.
“The blinding of the assessors was unaccounted for consistently across the included studies, with again only one study employing partial blinding of the researchers (Pilowsky et al. 2014).”
From The effects of paternal depression on child and adolescent outcomes: A systematic review (2016) · cites this paper as Pilowsky et al. 2014
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- Authors
- Pilowsky, D. J., Wickramaratne, P., Poh, E., Hernandez, M., Batten, L. A., Flament, M. F., Stewart, J. W., Blier, P., & Weissman, M. M.
- Affiliations
- New York State Psychiatric Institute (US)
- Institute of Mental Health Research (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Pilowsky, Daniel J.
- Venue
- Journal of Affective Disorders
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2014-08
- Volume
- 164
- Pages
- 107-111
- ISSN
- 0165-0327 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4152938
- OpenAlex
- W1965209506
- Cited by
- 51
- References
- 35
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 2
- FWCI
- 8.26
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Affective Disorders (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Columbia Academic Commons (Columbia University)
- Funders
- Parental Remission of Depression and Child Psychopathology (MMW, PI) (MH082255)
- JWS, PI (MH076961-01A2)
- PB, PI (MH077285-01A2)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Family Support in Illness
- Keywords
- parental depression, child psychopathology, paternal depression, maternal depression, major depressive disorder, depression treatment, child functioning, impairment, offspring of depressed parents, gender differences
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Child, Major Depressive Disorder, Fathers, Female, Humans, Male, Mothers, Psychopathology, Child of Impaired Parents
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