The Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children (MASC): factor structure, reliability, and validity
Abstract
Objective To describe the history, factor structure, reliability, and validity of the Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children (MASC).Method In two separate school-based population studies, principal-components factor analysis was used, first, to test a theory-driven factor structure, and second, to develop an empirically derived factor structure for the MASC. In a separate study using a clinical population, test-retest reliability at 3 weeks and 3 months, interrater concordance, and convergent and divergent validity were examined.Results The final version of the MASC consists of 39 items distributed across four major factors, three of which can be parsed into two subfactors each. Main and subfactors include (1) physical symptoms (tense/restless and somatic/autonomic), (2) social anxiety (humiliation/rejection and public performance fears), (3) harm avoidance (perfectionism and anxious coping), and (4) separation anxiety. The MASC factor structure, which presumably reflects the in the vivo structure of pediatric anxiety symptoms, is invariant across gender and age and shows excellent internal reliability. As expected, females show greater anxiety on all factors and subfactors than males. Three-week and 3-month test-retest reliability was satisfactory to excellent. Parent-child agreement was poor to fair. Concordance was greatest for easily observable symptom clusters and for mother-child over father-child or father-mother pairs. Shared variance with scales sampling symptom domains of interest was highest for anxiety, intermediate for depression, and lowest for externalizing symptoms, indicating adequate convergent and divergent validity.Conclusion The MASC is a promising self-report scale for assessing anxiety in children and adolescents.
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The MASC is considered the best normed and psychometrically strong self-report anxiety scale for use with adolescents.
“Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children (MASC) was the primary outcome anxiety measure and was also used to access eligibility as it is considered the best normed and psychometrically strong self-report anxiety scale for use with adolescents (52).”
Some measures include a few items related to avoidance but do not include separate avoidance scales.
“Some measures include a few items related to avoidance but do not include separate avoidance scales [e.g., the Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children (MASC) (March et al., 1997); the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED) (Birmaher et al., 1997)].”
From Child- and Parent-Report Measures of Behavioral Avoidance (CAMS/CAMP): Portuguese Validation in Clinical and Non-Clinical Samples. (2024) · cites this paper as March et al., 1997
Four studies have assessed the impact of mindfulness-based stress reduction among children and/or adolescents with anxiety and found it to be effective in reducing anxious symptoms.
“Four studies have assessed the impact of mindfulness-based stress reduction among children and/or adolescents with anxiety and found it to be effective in reducing anxious symptoms [24-27].”
From Acceptance and commitment therapy for anxious children and adolescents: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. (2013) · cites this paper as [25]
Research evidence has supported the use of mindfulness, one of the ACT core processes, in the treatment of young people.
“Research evidence has supported the use of mindfulness, one of the ACT core processes, in the treatment of young people.”
From Acceptance and commitment therapy for anxious children and adolescents: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. (2013) · cites this paper as [25]
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- Authors
- MARCH, J. S., PARKER, J. D. A., SULLIVAN, K., STALLINGS, P., & CONNERS, C. K.
- Affiliations
- Duke University (US)
- Corresponding author
- MARCH, JOHN S.
- ORCID
- PARKER, JAMES D.A.
- Venue
- Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1997-04
- Volume
- 36
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 554-565
- ISSN
- 0890-8567 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1996521103
- Cited by
- 2,236
- References
- 39
- Citations by year
- 2026: 35 · 2025: 73 · 2024: 76 · 2023: 85 · 2022: 99 · 2021: 112 · 2020: 127 · 2019: 107 · 2018: 115 · 2017: 108 · 2016: 129 · 2015: 135 · 2014: 118 · 2013: 121 · 2012: 126
- FWCI
- 19.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Keywords
- Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children, childhood anxiety, anxiety assessment, factor structure, test-retest reliability, convergent and discriminant validity, parent-child agreement, separation anxiety, social anxiety, harm avoidance, somatic symptoms, perfectionism, gender differences in anxiety, self-report scale development
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Analysis of Variance, Anxiety, Child, Cross-Sectional Studies, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Female, Humans, Male, North Carolina, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Psychometrics, Sex Factors, Reproducibility of Results
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