The relation between depressive and obsessive-compulsive symptoms in obsessive-compulsive disorder: Results from a large, naturalistic follow-up study
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Objective Despite the frequent occurrence of depressive symptoms in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), little is known about the reciprocal influence between depressive and obsessive-compulsive symptoms during the course of the disease. The aim of the present study is to investigate the longitudinal relationship between obsessive-compulsive and depressive symptoms in OCD patients.Method We used the baseline and 1-year follow-up data of the Netherlands Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Association (NOCDA) study. In 276 patients with a lifetime diagnosis of obsessive-compulsive disorder, depressive and obsessive-compulsive symptoms were assessed at baseline and at one-year follow-up with the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Symptom (Y-BOCS) scale. Relations were investigated using a cross-lagged panel design.Results The association between the severity of depressive symptoms at baseline and obsessive-compulsive symptoms at follow-up was significant (β=0.244, p<0.001), while the association between the severity of obsessive-compulsive symptoms at baseline and depressive symptoms at follow-up was not (β=0.097, p=0.060). Replication of the analyses in subgroups with and without current comorbid major depressive disorder (MDD) and subgroups with different sequence of onset (primary versus secondary MDD) revealed the same results.Limitations There may be other factors, which affect both depressive and obsessive-compulsive symptoms that were not assessed in the present study.Conclusion The present study demonstrates a relation between depressive symptoms and the course of obsessive-compulsive symptoms in OCD patients, irrespective of a current diagnosis of MDD and the sequence of onset of OCD and MDD.
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OCD and depression have a high comorbidity.
“OCD and depression have a very high comorbidity [61].”
From Metacognitive Training for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A study protocol for a randomized controlled trial (2020) · cites this paper as [61]
OCD and depression have a lifetime comorbidity of 56.6%.
“because OCD and depression have a lifetime comorbidity of 56.6% [61] and share some dysfunctional beliefs and coping strategies, such as rumination [62–64].”
From Metacognitive Training for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A study protocol for a randomized controlled trial (2020) · cites this paper as [61]
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Miegel, F. S., Jelinek, L., Yassari, A. H., Balzar, A., & Moritz, S. (2022) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-022-03464-6 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Phenomenology and Epidemiology of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Calamari, J. E., & Dams, G. M. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190068752.013.2 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Darroudi, H., Najafi, M., & Khosravani, V. (2023) · Journal of Family Trauma, Child Custody & Child Development · doi:10.1080/26904586.2023.2289413 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Shang, T., Chen, Y., Ding, Z., Qin, W., Li, S., Wei, S., Ding, Z., Yang, X., Qi, J., Qin, X., et al. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1403933 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Du, H., Gao, F., Han, Y., Xiao, C., Li, Q., Zhang, D., Wang, Z., Yu, Q., Cai, S., Fan, J., et al. (2025) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1155/da/1087782 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Family and Twin Studies of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders
Cath, D. C., Zilhäo, N. R., Smit, D. J. A., & Boomsma, D. I. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108164313.004
Rickelt, J. (2022) · doi:10.26481/dis.20221215jr
Self-citationVARGAS, A., Cortés-Jofré, M., & Ortiz-Muñoz, L. E. (2023) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/4hwjq
Suicidality in Depression and Anxiety
Eikelenboom, M. (2023) · doi:10.5463/thesis.318
Self-citationObsessive-compulsive disorder, major depressive disorder, and addiction: the vicious relationship
El-Mallakh, R. S., Shams, J., Doroodgar, M., & Doroodgar, M. (2024) · European Journal of Translational Myology · doi:10.4081/ejtm.2024.13108
Naïve Observers’ Perceptions of Hospitalized and Community Adolescents’ Depressive Symptoms
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Comorbidity with other psychiatric illness
Vázquez, G. H. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-33580-8.00012-x
Moreira‐de‐Oliveira, M. E., de Menezes, G. B., Laurito, L. D., Loureiro, C. P., dos Santos‐Ribeiro, S., & Fontenelle, L. F. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.20304667
Bridge centrality: A network approach to understanding comorbidityPreprint
McNally, R. J., Ma, R., & Jones, P. J. (2019) · OSF Preprints (OSF Preprints)
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Predictors of Obsessive-Compulsive Symptom Trajectories Across Six Months
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Differenzialdiagnostik und Komorbidität
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- Authors
- Rickelt, J., Viechtbauer, W., Lieverse, R., Overbeek, T., van Balkom, A. J., van Oppen, P., van den Heuvel, O. A., Marcelis, M., Eikelenboom, M., Tibi, L., & Schruers, K. R.
- Affiliations
- Maastricht University (NL)
- Amsterdam Public Health (NL)
- Ben-Gurion University of the Negev (IL)
- Corresponding author
- Rickelt, Judith
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Affective Disorders
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2016-10
- Volume
- 203
- Pages
- 241-247
- ISSN
- 0165-0327 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2412757609
- Cited by
- 63
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 1
- FWCI
- 8.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Affective Disorders (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Publications (Maastricht University) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Pure Amsterdam UMC (publishedVersion)
- Amsterdam UMC (VU Amsterdam) - Institutional Repository (publishedVersion)
- Research Publications (Maastricht University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Lirias (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Stichting Steun
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research
- Keywords
- obsessive-compulsive disorder, depressive symptoms, major depressive disorder comorbidity, symptom course
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Depression, Major Depressive Disorder, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Netherlands, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Severity of Illness Index, Young Adult
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