Associations of mindful eating domains with depressive symptoms and depression in three European countries
Open accessAbstract
Objective To examine associations of mindful eating domains with depressive symptoms and depression in three European countries. Moderation by change in appetite-with increased appetite as marker for depression with atypical features - was also tested.Methods Data were collected in Denmark (n = 1522), Spain (n = 1512) and the Netherlands (n = 1439). Multiple linear and logistic regression analyses segregated by country were used to test associations of four mindful eating domains (Mindful Eating Behaviour Scale; MEBS) with depressive symptoms (continuous score on the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale; CES-D) and depression (score above the CES-D cut-off value, and/or use of antidepressants, and/or psychological treatment). Moderation by change in appetite was tested with bias-corrected bootstrap confidence intervals.Results The domains Focused Eating, Eating with Awareness and Eating without Distraction were significantly negatively associated with depressive symptoms and depression in all three countries (e.g. Focused Eating Denmark: B = - 0.71, 95% CI: - 0.87, - 0.54; OR = 0.89, 95% CI: 0.86, 0.93). The domain Hunger and Satiety Cues (only measured in the Netherlands) was significantly positively associated with depressive symptoms in the adjusted models (B = 0.09, 95% CI: 0.02, 0.16), but not with depression (OR = 1.02, 95% CI: 0.98, 1.05). These associations were found for both people with and without increased appetite.Limitations The cross-sectional design, which makes it impossible to draw causal conclusions.Conclusions The present study indicates that higher scores on three mindful eating domains are consistently associated with a lower level of depressive symptoms and a lower likelihood of having depression in three European countries.
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The studies that have examined these relationships have been either correlational or small in sample size.
“The studies that have examined these relationships have been either correlational (Winkens et al., 2018) or small in sample size (Dalen et al., 2010).”
From Effects of a Mindfulness-Based Weight Loss Intervention on Long-term Psychological Well-being Among Adults with Obesity: Secondary Analyses from the Supporting Health by Integrating Nutrition and Exercise (SHINE) Trial (2022) · cites this paper as Winkens et al., 2018
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“It includes 20 items, and each item uses a 4-point scale ranging from 0 (no or hardly) to 3 (almost always) (29).”
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Mindful Eating Behavior Scale (MEBS)
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“However, intuitive and mindful eating, which can be considered equivalent to subcomponents contextual skills and food regulation of eating competence , have significantly been associated with lower levels of depression (Carrard et al., 2021; Lee et al., 2020; Winkens et al., 2018).”
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“The revised 15-item MEBS showed preliminary adequacy in assessing mindful eating behavior within the present sample (see Supplementary Material).”
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- Authors
- Winkens, L. H. H., van Strien, T., Brouwer, I. A., Penninx, B. W. J. H., Visser, M., & Lähteenmäki, L.
- Affiliations
- Amsterdam Public Health (NL)
- Aarhus University (DK)
- Corresponding author
- Winkens, L.H.H.
- Venue
- Journal of Affective Disorders
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2018-03
- Volume
- 228
- Pages
- 26-32
- ISSN
- 0165-0327 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2770628509
- Cited by
- 37
- References
- 49
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 2
- FWCI
- 2.37
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Affective Disorders (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Pure Amsterdam UMC (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Socio-Environmental Systems Modeling (acceptedVersion)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
- VU Research Portal (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- European Union FP7 MooDFOOD Project (613598)
- Netherlands Ministry of Health Welfare and Sports, Directorate of Long-Term Care (321175 and 325889)
- Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (480-10-014)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Eating Disorders and Behaviors
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Keywords
- mindful eating, depressive symptoms, depression, hunger and satiety cues, increased appetite, atypical depression, cross-national comparison
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Cross-Sectional Studies, Depression, Depressive Disorder, Europe, Feeding Behavior, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Regression Analysis, Mindfulness
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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