Testosterone is related to GABA+ levels in the posterior-cingulate in unmedicated depressed women during reproductive life
Open accessAbstract
Background The role of testosterone (T) in the pathophysiology of affective disorders and anxiety is broadly supported. Evidence suggests that T has anxiolytic and antidepressant properties. One proposed route for the central effects of T is its interaction with the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) system. We explored the relationship between T levels and GABA+ levels in anterior-cingulate (ACC) and the posterior-cingulate (PCC) regions in depressed women, using magnetic resonance spectroscopy ( 1 H-MRS). Methods Twenty-one depressed patients with regularly cycling who were not taking hormonal or psychotropic drugs were recruited. We assessed severity of depression using the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS). Blood samples were taken for quantification of free (FT) and total testosterone (TT) on the day of the magnetic resonance (MR) scan. We evaluated GABA+ levels in the PCC and ACC, using the Hadamard Encoding and Reconstruction of MEGA-Edited Spectroscopy (HERMES) sequence. Pearson correlations were used to evaluate the association between FT, TT, GABA+ concentrations, and HDRS scores. Results TT and FT levels were positively correlated with GABA+ levels in the PCC. No correlation was observed between T levels and GABA+ levels in the ACC. The HDRS total scores correlated negatively with FT levels. Limitations Limitations include the cross-sectional evaluation and the lack of a comparative healthy group. Conclusions Our findings suggest that the potential anxiolytic and antidepressant properties of T are related to increased GABA+ levels in the PCC. This observation may contribute to increased understanding of the role of T in depressive and anxiety symptoms in women.
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- Authors
- Flores-Ramos, M., Alcauter, S., López-Titla, M., Bernal-Santamaría, N., Calva-Coraza, E., & Edden, R. A. E.
- Affiliations
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (MX)
- Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz (MX)
- Kennedy Krieger Institute (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Affective Disorders
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2019-01
- Volume
- 242
- Pages
- 143-149
- ISSN
- 0165-0327 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6484862
- OpenAlex
- W2888147655
- Cited by
- 21
- References
- 68
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 3
- FWCI
- 1.13
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Affective Disorders (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- NIH (P41EB015909, R01EB016089, R01EB023963)
- CONACYT (FOSISS-2015-261435)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Treatment of Major Depression
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Keywords
- testosterone, GABA, posterior cingulate cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, depression, women, reproductive period, free testosterone, total testosterone, anxiolytic effects, antidepressant effects, 1H NMR
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Antidepressive Agents, Cross-Sectional Studies, Major Depressive Disorder, Female, Follicular Phase, gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, Gyrus Cinguli, Humans, Luteal Phase, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Testosterone, Women's Health, Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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