Psychological distress associated with COVID-19 quarantine: latent profile analysis, outcome prediction and mediation analysis
Open accessAbstract
Background Mental health of the population during COVID-19 quarantine could be at risk. Previous studies in short quarantines, found mood-related and anxiety symptomatology. Here we aimed to characterize the subtypes of psychological distress associated with quarantine, assess its prevalence, explore risk/protective factors, and possible mechanisms.Methods Online cross-sectional data (n = 4408) was collected during the Argentine quarantine, between 1st-17th April 2020 along a small replication study (n = 644). Psychological distress clusters were determined using latent profile analysis on a wide-range of symptoms using the complete Brief-Symptom Inventory-53. Multinomial and Elastic-net regression were performed to identify risk/protective factors among trait-measures (Personality and Resilience) and state-measures (COVID-19 related fear and coping-skills).Results Three latent-classes defined by symptom severity level were identified. The majority of individuals were classified in the mild (40.9%) and severe classes (41.0%). Participants reported elevated symptoms of Phobic-Anxiety (41.3%), Anxiety (31.8%), Depression (27.5%), General-Distress (27.1%), Obsession-Compulsion (25.1%) and Hostility (13.7%). Logistic-regressions analyses mainly revealed that women, young individuals, having a previous psychiatric diagnosis or trauma, having high levels of trait-neuroticism and COVID-related fear, were those at greater risk of psychological distress. In contrast, adults, being married, exercising, having upper-class income, having high levels of trait-resilience and coping-skills, were the most protected. Mediation analysis, showed that state-measures mediated the association between trait-measures and class-membership.Conclusions Quarantine was associated intense psychological distress. Attention should be given to COVID-19-related fear and coping-skills as they act as potential mediators in emotional suffering during quarantine.
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The present findings are consistent with previous studies demonstrating significant links between anxiety and sleep disturbance and between anxiety and somatic symptoms.
“Our present findings are consistent with previous studies demonstrating significant links between anxiety and sleep disturbance [8,9,14], and between anxiety and somatic symptoms [28,29].”
From COVID-19-Related Anxiety Symptoms among Quarantined Adolescents and Its Impact on Sleep Pattern Changes and Somatic Symptoms (2022) · cites this paper as [28]
The Results (subtypes and prevalence section; page unavailable) report that anxiety and somatization scores vary significantly across distress-severity classes, while sleep disturbances are common. The paper does not establish a significant direct link between anxiety and sleep disturbance, or report a direct anxiety–somatic-symptom association; the class-level findings provide only partial support for the attributed links. (LLM, conf=0.76)
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- Authors
- Fernández, R. S., Crivelli, L., Guimet, N. M., Allegri, R. F., & Pedreira, M. E.
- Affiliations
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (AR)
- Corresponding author
- Fernández, Rodrigo S.
- Venue
- Journal of Affective Disorders
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-12
- Volume
- 277
- Pages
- 75-84
- ISSN
- 0165-0327 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7413121
- OpenAlex
- W3047761591
- Cited by
- 245
- References
- 47
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 32 · 2023: 29 · 2022: 80 · 2021: 70 · 2020: 8
- FWCI
- 18.72
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Affective Disorders (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- Funders
- Ministry of Environmental Protection
- Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y Tecnológica (PICT 2016–0243)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- COVID-19 quarantine, psychological distress, latent profile analysis, anxiety, depression, phobic anxiety, obsessive-compulsive symptoms, hostility, coping strategies, trait neuroticism, resilience, risk and protective factors, mediation
- MeSH terms
- Psychological Trauma, Betacoronavirus, Neuroticism, Latent Class Analysis, Psychological Distress, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Adaptation, Psychological, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Anxiety, Argentina, Mental Disorders, Cross-Sectional Studies, Depression, Fear, Female, Humans, Income, Male, Mental Health, Middle Aged, Personality, Pneumonia, Viral, Quarantine, Risk Factors, Stress, Psychological, Exercise, Marital Status, Coronavirus Infections, Resilience, Psychological, Young Adult, Pandemics, Protective Factors
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