Longitudinal evaluation of milk type consumed and weight status in preschoolers
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate relationships between type of milk consumed and weight status among preschool children. DESIGN: Longitudinal cohort study. SETTING: The Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Birth Cohort, a representative sample of US children. PARTICIPANTS: 10 700 US children examined at age 2 and 4 years. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Body mass index (BMI) z score and overweight/obese status as a function of milk type intake. RESULTS: The majority of children drank whole or 2% milk (87% at 2 years, 79.3% at 4 years). Across racial/ethnic and socio-economic status subgroups, 1%/skim milk drinkers had higher BMI z scores than 2%/whole milk drinkers. In multivariable analyses, increasing fat content in the type of milk consumed was inversely associated with BMI z score (p<0.0001). Compared to those drinking 2%/whole milk, 2- and 4-year-old children drinking 1%/skim milk had an increased adjusted odds of being overweight (age 2 OR 1.64, p<0.0001; age 4 OR 1.63, p<0.0001) or obese (age 2 OR 1.57, p<0.01; age 4 OR 1.64, p<0.0001). In longitudinal analysis, children drinking 1%/skim milk at both 2 and 4 years were more likely to become overweight/obese between these time points (adjusted OR 1.57, p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Consumption of 1%/skim milk is more common among overweight/obese preschoolers, potentially reflecting the choice of parents to give overweight/obese children low-fat milk to drink. Nevertheless, 1%/skim milk does not appear to restrain body weight gain between 2 and 4 years of age in this age range, emphasising a need for weight-targeted recommendations with a stronger evidence base.
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Children who habitually drink low-fat milk gain more weight, and those who drink whole-fat milk gain less weight, over time.
“that children who habitually drink low-fat milk gain more weight, and those who drink whole-fat milk gain less weight, over time.62-66”
From Dietary and Policy Priorities for Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes, and Obesity: A Comprehensive Review (2016) · cites this paper as [62]
Children who drink more low-fat milk gain more weight, while those who drink more whole-fat milk gain less weight, over time.
“For instance, children who drink more low-fat milk gain more weight, while those who drink more whole-fat milk gain less weight, over time.62-66”
From Dietary and Policy Priorities for Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes, and Obesity: A Comprehensive Review (2016) · cites this paper as [62]
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- Authors
- Scharf, R. J., Demmer, R. T., & DeBoer, M. D.
- Affiliations
- University of Virginia (US)
- Columbia University (US)
- Corresponding author
- DeBoer, M. D.
- Venue
- Archives of Disease in Childhood
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 2013-03-18
- Volume
- 98
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 335-340
- ISSN
- 0003-9888 (ISSN-L)
- 1468-2044
- PMC
- PMC4439101
- OpenAlex
- W2154484679
- Cited by
- 70
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 3
- FWCI
- 9.86
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Archives of Disease in Childhood (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (K08HD060739)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Keywords
- skim milk, whole milk, milk fat content, childhood obesity, overweight, preschool children, body mass index, weight gain, dietary fat intake
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena, Child, Preschool, Dietary Fats, Female, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Milk, Obesity, Social Class, United States, Body Mass Index, Overweight
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