Counting dementia: There is no one “best” way
Open accessAbstract
The growing societal and individual burden of dementia means that counting the cases of dementia is critical. There are several approaches and methods that can be used to identify dementia cases. The ascertainment can range from very detailed characterization of the individual (deep) to a brief standardized assessment (wide) that emphasizes individual functioning. The choice of going deep or wide depends on the goal of the ascertainment. These goals are discussed, as well as the emerging issues that may change the way dementia cases are classified.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The incidence of dementia increases continually up to and above 90 years of age.
“The incidence of dementia increases continually up to (179-183) and above (139, 184) 90 years of age.”
From Correlation of Alzheimer Disease Neuropathologic Changes With Cognitive Status: A Review of the Literature (2012) · cites this paper as [183]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Prevalence and trends in obesity among US adults, 1999–2000
Flegal, K. M. (2002) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.288.14.1723 · Cited by 6,190 · see citing works
Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease (CERAD)
Fillenbaum, G., & Heyman, A. (2002) · doi:10.1002/0470846410.ch42(iii · Cited by 2,859 · see citing works
Alzheimer Disease in the US Population: Prevalence Estimates Using the 2000 Census
Hebert, L. E., Scherr, P. A., Bienias, J. L., Bennett, D. A., & Evans, D. A. (2003) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.60.8.1119 · Cited by 2,168 · see citing works
Evans, D. A. (1989) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.262.18.2551 · Cited by 1,627 · see citing works
Neuropathology of older persons without cognitive impairment from two community-based studies
Bennett, D. A., Schneider, J. A., Arvanitakis, Z., Kelly, J. F., Aggarwal, N. T., Shah, R. C., & Wilson, R. S. (2006) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000219668.47116.e6 · Cited by 1,336 · cited 1× · see citing works
“We know from several community-based autopsy studies that individuals with orwithout an ante-mortem diagnosis of dementia [17,18] have multiple neuropathologic lesions, including vascular lesions, amyloid-laden plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, hippocampal sclerosis, and Lewy bodies, particularly in the oldest old (Fi…”
BackgroundEvans, D. A. (1989) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1989.03430180093036 · Cited by 1,226 · see citing works
Grundman, M. (2004) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.61.1.59 · Cited by 972 · see citing works
The question of familial meningiomas and schwannomas:
King, A. A., & Gutmann, D. H. (2000) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.54.1.4 · Cited by 814 · see citing works
Lopez, O. L., Jagust, W. J., DeKosky, S. T., Becker, J. T., Fitzpatrick, A., Dulberg, C., Breitner, J., Lyketsos, C., Jones, B., Kawas, C., et al. (2003) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.60.10.1385 · Cited by 618 · see citing works
Evans, D. A., Funkenstein, H. H., Albert, M., Scherr, P. A., Cook, N. R., Chown, M. J., Hebert, L. E., Hennekens, C. H., & Taylor, J. O. (1989) · PubMed · Cited by 599 · see citing works
The Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative: Progress report and future plans
Weiner, M. W., Aisen, P. S. S., Jack, C. R., Jagust, W. J., Trojanowski, J. Q., Shaw, L. M. J., Saykin, A. J., Morris, J. C., Cairns, N. J., Beckett, L. A., et al. (2010) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2010.03.007 · Cited by 599 · cited 1× · see citing works
“New imaging techniques, such as positron emission tomography-based labeling of the amyloid burden in the brain have provided a basis for the proposal of a cascade of biomarker changes that will eventually lead to a better understanding of the AD disease process and its translation into new clinical biomarkers [16].”
BackgroundProgression of Mild Cognitive Impairment to Dementia in Clinic- vs Community-Based Cohorts
Farias, S. T., Mungas, D., Reed, B., Harvey, D. J., & DeCarli, C. S. (2009) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneurol.2009.106 · Cited by 582 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The concept of MCI is still evolving, and there are data suggesting the conversion rates from MCI to dementia depend on the definition of MCI [14] and whether cases are identified in a clinic or a communitybased sample [15].”
BackgroundPrevalence of dementia and probable senile dementia of the Alzheimer type in the Framingham Study
Bachman, D. L., Wolf, P. A., Linn, R., Knoefel, J. E., CobbS, J., Belanger, A., D'Agostino, R. B., & White, L. R. (1992) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.42.1.115 · Cited by 527 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Prevalence of dementia in two early community-based studies [1,2].”
BackgroundResultKanjilal, S. (2006) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.166.21.2348 · Cited by 509 · cited 1× · see citing works
“instance, risk factors such as smoking and hypertension have decreased [21], but obesity [22] and diabetes [23] are projected to increase over time, and in younger individuals.”
BackgroundPrevalence of Dementia in Older Japanese-American Men in Hawaii: The Honolulu-Asia Aging Study
White, L. (1996) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1996.03540120033030 · Cited by 437 · cited 3× · see citing works
“Since then, many more studies have been published [3–6] (Fig.”
BackgroundInfluentialThe Aging, Demographics, and Memory Study: Study Design and Methods
Langa, K. M., Plassman, B. L., Wallace, R. B., Herzog, A. R., Heeringa, S. G., Ofstedal, M. B., Burke, J. R., Fisher, G. G., Fultz, N. H., Hurd, M. D., et al. (2005) · Neuroepidemiology · doi:10.1159/000087448 · Cited by 409 · cited 1× · see citing works
“There are also differences in study design [8,9], sampling strategy, and the technology used to evaluate subjects that may contribute to variability.”
BackgroundLobo, A., Launer, L. J., Fratiglioni, L., Andersen, K., Di Carlo, A., Breteler, M. M. B., Copeland, J., Dartigues, J. F., Jagger, C., Martinez-Lage, J., et al. (2000) · University of Southern Denmark Research Portal (University of Southern Denmark) · Cited by 388 · see citing works
Self-citationGearing, M., Mirra, S. S., Hedreen, J. C., Sumi, S. M., Hansen, L. A., & Heyman, A. (1995) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.45.3.461 · Cited by 378 · see citing works
Mainous, A. G., Baker, R., Koopman, R. J., Saxena, S. K., Díaz, V. A., Everett, C. J., & Majeed, A. (2006) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-006-0528-5 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Mild Cognitive Impairment Is Early-Stage Alzheimer Disease
Morris, J. C. (2006) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.63.1.15 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Accuracy of clinical criteria for AD in the Honolulu–Asia Aging Study, a population-based study
Petrovitch, H., White, L. R., Ross, G. W., Steinhorn, S. C., Li, C. Y., Masaki, K., Davis, D. G., Nelson, J., Hardman, J. M., Curb, J. D., et al. (2001) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.57.2.226 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Self-citationHenderson, A. S., & Huppert, F. A. (1984) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291700003020 · Cited by 125 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Aprodromal phase of dementia, characterized bymild cognitive impairment (MCI), has long been a topic of discussion [10].”
BackgroundSaxton, J., Snitz, B. E., Lopez, O. L., Ives, D. G., Dunn, L. O., Fitzpatrick, A., Carlson, M. C., DeKosky, S. T., & for the GEM Study Investigators (2009) · Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.2008.160705 · Cited by 106 · cited 9× · see citing works
“Criteria have been developed for the amnestic type of MCI, which is characterizedbyamemorydeficit and subjective complaints ofmemory impairment [11].”
BackgroundInfluentialThe prevalence of dementia is changing over time in Rochester, Minnesota
Beard, C. M., Kokmen, E., O’Brien, P. C., & Kurland, L. T. (1995) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.45.1.75 · Cited by 78 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Although there are few data, it is also possible that there are secular trends that change the expression of dementia [5], as well as changes in how physicians are trained to diagnose dementia.”
BackgroundPrevalence of dementia after age 90: Results from The 90+ Study
Corrada, M. M., Brookmeyer, R., Berlau, D., Paganini-Hill, A., & Kawas, C. H. (2008) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000310773.65918.cd · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 26 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- [7]Rothman KJ Greenland S Lash TL Modern epidemiology 2008 Philadelphia Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
- [17]White L Brain lesions and dementia: the HAAS Journal of Alzheimer's Disease 2009 18713 18725
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Nelson, P. T., Alafuzoff, I., Bigio, E. H., Bouras, C., Braak, H., Cairns, N. J., Castellani, R. J., Crain, B. J., Davies, P., Tredici, K. D., et al. (2012) · Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1097/nen.0b013e31825018f7 · Cited by 2,050 · see citing works
Reynolds, C. F., Jeste, D. V., Sachdev, P. S., & Blazer, D. G. (2022) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.20996 · Cited by 465 · see citing works
Nelson, P. T., Head, E., Schmitt, F. A., Davis, P. R., Neltner, J. H., Jicha, G. A., Abner, E. L., Smith, C. D., Van Eldik, L. J., Kryscio, R. J., et al. (2011) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/s00401-011-0826-y · Cited by 365 · see citing works
“Dementia incidence appears to level off after age 90 [83, 118, 123, 185, 186] although clinical dementia prevalence probably does keep increasing [54, 203].”
Jack, C. R., Therneau, T. M., Weigand, S. D., Wiste, H. J., Knopman, D. S., Vemuri, P., Lowe, V. J., Mielke, M. M., Roberts, R. O., Machulda, M. M., et al. (2019) · JAMA Neurology · doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2019.1971 · Cited by 300 · see citing works
Morris, J. C. (2012) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneurol.2011.3152 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Is synaptic loss a unique hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease?
Scheff, S. W., Neltner, J. H., & Nelson, P. T. (2014) · Biochemical Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2013.12.028 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Alzheimer's disease: The next frontier—Special Report 2017
Karlawish, J. H., Jack, C. R., Rocca, W. A., Snyder, H. M., & Carrillo, M. C. (2017) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2017.02.006 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Short‐term trends in dementia prevalence in Germany between the years 2007 and 2009
Doblhammer, G., Fink, A., & Fritze, T. (2014) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2014.02.006 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
“This implies that although medical claims data are not useful in studies that seek to determine the etiology of the disease, they are useful for the surveillance of the disease for public health purposes [53].”
BackgroundStatistics on the burden of dementia: need for stronger data
Launer, L. J. (2019) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(18)30456-3 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Self-citationMethods of cognitive function investigation in the Longitudinal Study on Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil)
Passos, V. M. D. A., Caramelli, P., Benseñor, I., Giatti, L., & Barreto, S. M. (2014) · Sao Paulo Medical Journal · doi:10.1590/1516-3180.2014.1323646 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Dementia death rates prediction
Gaidai, O., Yakimov, V., & Balakrishna, R. (2023) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-023-05172-2 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
The demography and epidemiology of dementia
Doblhammer, G., Fink, A., Fritze, T., & Günster, C. (2013) · Geriatric Mental Health Care · doi:10.1016/j.gmhc.2013.04.002 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Comorbid Pain and Cognitive Impairment in a Nationally Representative Adult Population
Nahin, R. L., & DeKosky, S. T. (2020) · Clinical Journal of Pain · doi:10.1097/ajp.0000000000000863 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Guaita, A., Vaccaro, R., Davin, A., Colombo, M. M., Vitali, S. F., Polito, L., Abbondanza, S., Valle, E., Forloni, G., Ferretti, V. V., et al. (2014) · Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics · doi:10.1016/j.archger.2014.11.006 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“Singlecenter population studies would avoid these issues, providing the population studied was, as far as possible, homogeneous for age and residence (Launer, 2011; Misiak, Cialkowska-Kuzminska, Frydecka, Chladzinska-Kiejna, & Kiejna, 2013).”
Davis, G., Baboolal, N. S., Rae, A. M., & Stewart, R. J. (2018) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2017-018288 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“Because large proportions of people with dementia remain undiagnosed, administrative data from healthcare cannot be relied on; instead, prevalences have to be inferred from epidemiological surveys with valid case-finding instruments, and because it is beyond the resources of most authorities to commission dedicated su…”
BackgroundHow Many People Live with Dementia in Portugal? A Discussion Paper of National Estimates
Gonçalves‐Pereira, M., Verdelho, A., Prina, M. A., Marques, M. J., & Xavier, M. (2021) · Portuguese Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1159/000516503 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Hayden, K. M., & Welsh-Bohmer, K. A. (2011) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2011_152 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Featherstone, K., & Northcott, A. (2020) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781003087335 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Health Among the Elderly in Germany. New Evidence on Disease, Disability and Care Need
Doblhammer, G. (2014) · Verlag Barbara Budrich eBooks · doi:10.3224/84740606 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Mitchell, A. M., Chiappetta, L., Boucek, L., Cain, M., Patterson, G., Owens, K., Herisko, C., & Stark, K. H. (2014) · Journal of Gerontological Nursing · doi:10.3928/00989134-20141014-02 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Biomarkers for Early Diagnosis of Alzheimer’s Disease in the Oldest Old: Yes or No?
Paolacci, L., Giannandrea, D., Mecocci, P., & Parnetti, L. (2017) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-161127 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Georges, D., Rakuša, E., Holtz, A.-V., Fink, A., & Doblhammer, G. (2023) · PubMed Central · doi:10.25646/11667 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“Standardized neuropsychological tests are commonly used in epidemiological surveys to measure cognitive impairment and investigate the causes of diseases [15, 16].”
BackgroundDementia in the National Cause of Death Registry in Norway 1969-2010
Hjellvik, V., Engedal, K., Handal, M., Flaten, T. P., Langballe, E. M., Selmer, R. M., & Strand, B. H. (2012) · Norsk Epidemiologi · doi:10.5324/nje.v22i2.1569 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Redaktsiia, Levin, O. S., Lavrov, A. Y., Lyashenko, E. A., Васенина, Е. Е., Trusova, N. A., Датиева, В. К., Makotrova, T. A., & Pilipenko, A. Y. (2015) · S S Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry · doi:10.17116/jnevro20151156236-39 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Grasset, L., Matthews, F. E., Pérès, K., Foubert‐Samier, A., Helmer, C., Dartigues, J., & Brayne, C. (2018) · Alzheimer s & Dementia Diagnosis Assessment & Disease Monitoring · doi:10.1016/j.dadm.2018.07.005 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Automated tests for diagnosing and monitoring cognitive impairment: a diagnostic accuracy review
Aslam, R. W., Bates, V., Dundar, Y., Hounsome, J. C., Richardson, M., Krishan, A., Dickson, R., Boland, A., Kotas, E., Fisher, J. D., et al. (2016) · Health Technology Assessment · doi:10.3310/hta20770 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“The variation in the conversion rates could be explained by the differing disease processes(13,24) and the heterogeneity which comes from different populations being studied.(25) In epidemiological samples, MCI has often been classified by applying a psychometric cut-off point to a proportion of cases without in-depth…”
BackgroundRochoy, M., Gautier, S., Béné, J., Bordet, R., & Chazard, E. (2018) · American Journal of Alzheimer s Disease & Other Dementias® · doi:10.1177/1533317518822043 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Rochoy, M., Chazard, E., Gautier, S., & Bordet, R. (2019) · The Journal of Prevention of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.14283/jpad.2019.5 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Rochoy, M., Chazard, E., Gautier, S., & Bordet, R. (2018) · Annales de Cardiologie et d Angéiologie · doi:10.1016/j.ancard.2018.10.011 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Doblhammer, G. (2019) · AStA Wirtschafts- und Sozialstatistisches Archiv · doi:10.1007/s11943-019-00242-y · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Neltner, J. H., & Nelson, P. T. (2017) · Neurodegeneration · doi:10.1002/9781118661895.ch1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
(2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-804538-1.00036-5
Rochoy, M. (2019) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/4560bf49z9fd2z42a9z83e6zdd4b8e4e87ea
- Authors
- Launer, L. J.
- Affiliations
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Corresponding author
- Launer, Lenore J.
- ORCID
- Launer, Lenore J.
- Venue
- Alzheimer's & Dementia
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2011-01
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 10-14
- ISSN
- 1552-5260 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-5279
- PMC
- PMC3133460
- OpenAlex
- W2012643745
- Cited by
- 33
- References
- 26
- Citations by year
- 2023: 2 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 1 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 2.63
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Alzheimer s & Dementia (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute on Aging (ZIAAG007280)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Historical and Modern Theater Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
- Keywords
- dementia prevalence
- MeSH terms
- Cognition Disorders, Dementia, Humans, Residence Characteristics, Risk Factors, United States, Prevalence
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review