Prevalence and Classification of Mild Cognitive Impairment in the Cardiovascular Health Study Cognition Study: Part 1
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: To examine the prevalence of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and its diagnostic classification in the Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS) Cognition Study. DESIGN: The CHS Cognition Study is an ancillary study of the CHS that was conducted to determine the presence of MCI and dementia in the CHS cohort. SETTING: Multicenter population study. PATIENTS: We examined 3608 participants in the CHS who had undergone detailed neurological, neuropsychological, neuroradiological, and psychiatric testing to identify dementia and MCI. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The prevalence of MCI was determined for the whole cohort, and specific subtypes of MCI were examined in detail only at the Pittsburgh, Pa, center (n = 927). Mild cognitive impairment was classified as either MCI amnestic-type or MCI multiple cognitive deficits-type. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of MCI was 19% (465 of 2470 participants); prevalence increased with age from 19% in participants younger than 75 years to 29% in those older than 85 years. The overall prevalence of MCI at the Pittsburgh center was 22% (130 of 599 participants); prevalence of the MCI amnesic-type was 6% and of the MCI multiple cognitive deficits-type was 16%. CONCLUSIONS: Twenty-two percent of the participants aged 75 years or older had MCI. Mild cognitive impairment is a heterogeneous syndrome, where the MCI amnestic-type is less frequent than the MCI multiple cognitive deficits-type. Most of the participants with MCI had comorbid conditions that may affect their cognitive functions.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Based on studies that show clinical AD, MCI, and preclinical AD are common in the elderly, by the new scheme the vast majority of those past the age of 85 have AD.
“Based on studies that show clinical AD [6, 8], MCI [88], and preclinical AD [67] are common in the elderly, by this scheme that vast majority of those past the age of 85 have AD (Figure 2).”
From Brain aging, Alzheimer's disease, and mitochondria (2011) · cites this paper as [88]
Cites
Mild Cognitive Impairment: Clinical Characterization and Outcome
Petersen, R. C., Smith, G. E., Waring, S. C., Ivnik, R. J., Tangalos, E. G., & Kokmen, E. (1999) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.56.3.303 · Cited by 8,980 · see citing works
The Neuropsychiatric Inventory: Comprehensive assessment of psychopathology in dementia
Cummings, J. L., Mega, M., Gray, K., Rosenberg-Thompson, S., Carusi, D. A., & Gornbein, J. (1994) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.44.12.2308 · Cited by 7,568 · see citing works
The Cardiovascular Health Study: design and rationale.
Fried, L. P., Borhani, N. O., Enright, P., Furberg, C. D., Gardin, J. M., Kronmal, R. A., Kuller, L. H., Manolio, T. A., Mittelmark, M. B., Newman, A., et al. (1991) · Annals of Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/1047-2797(91)90005-w · Cited by 3,652 · see citing works
Self-citation(1987) · PubMed · Cited by 2,657 · see citing works
Mild Cognitive Impairment Represents Early-Stage Alzheimer Disease
Morris, J. C., Storandt, M., Miller, J. P., McKeel, D. W., Price, J. L., Rubin, E. H., & Berg, L. (2001) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.58.3.397 · Cited by 1,833 · see citing works
Fried, L. P. (1998) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.279.8.585 · Cited by 1,107 · see citing works
Jorm, A. F., & Jacomb, P. A. (1989) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291700005742 · Cited by 1,104 · see citing works
Prevalence and severity of cognitive impairment with and without dementia in an elderly population
Graham, J., Rockwood, K. J., Beattie, B. L., Eastwood, R., Gauthier, S. G., Tuokko, H. A., & McDowell, I. (1997) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(97)01007-6 · Cited by 1,000 · see citing works
Crook, T. H., Bartus, R. T., Ferris, S. H., Whitehouse, P. J., Cohen, G. D., & Gershon, S. (1986) · Developmental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/87565648609540348 · Cited by 930 · see citing works
Aging, Memory, and Mild Cognitive Impairment
Petersen, R. C., Kokmen, E., Waring, S. C., Smith, G. E., Ivnik, R. J., & Tangelos, E. G. (1997) · International Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1017/s1041610297004717 · Cited by 895 · see citing works
Classification criteria for mild cognitive impairment
Ritchie, K. A., Artéro, S., & Touchon, J. (2001) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.56.1.37 · Cited by 831 · see citing works
Depression and risk of cognitive decline and Alzheimer's disease
Geerlings, M. I., Bouter, L. M., Schoevers, R. A., Beekman, A. T. F., Jonker, C., Deeg, D. J. H., van Tilburg, W., Adèr, H. J., & Schmand, B. A. (2000) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.176.6.568 · Cited by 351 · see citing works
Progression to dementia in patients with isolated memory loss
Bowen, J. D., Teri, L. L., Kukull, W. A., McCormick, W. C., McCurry, S. M., & Larson, E. B. (1997) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(96)08256-6 · Cited by 309 · see citing works
Relationship Between ApoE, MRI Findings, and Cognitive Function in the Cardiovascular Health Study
Kuller, L. H., Shemanski, L. R., Manolio, T. A., Haan, M. N., Fried, L. P., Bryan, R. N., Burke, G. L., Tracy, R. P., & Bhadelia, R. A. (1998) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/01.str.29.2.388 · Cited by 308 · see citing works
Self-citationEvaluation of Dementia in the Cardiovascular Health Cognition Study
López, O. L., Kuller, L. H., Fitzpatrick, A. L., Ives, D. G., Becker, J. T., & Beauchamp, N. (2003) · Neuroepidemiology · doi:10.1159/000067110 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
Self-citationKoivisto, K. J., Reinikainen, K. J., Hänninen, T., Vanhanen, M., Helkala, E.-L., Mykkänen, L. M., Laakso, M., Pyörälà, K., & Riekkinen, P. J. (1995) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.45.4.741 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
A Validation Study of the Dementia Questionnaire
Kawas, C. H., Segal, J., Stewart, W. F., Corrada, M. M., & Thal, L. J. (1994) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.1994.00540210073015 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
Self-citationCriteria for diagnosing age‐associated memory impairment: Proposed improvements from the field
Blackford, R., & la Rue, A. (1989) · Developmental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/87565648909540440 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Gallos, J. J., & Breitner, J. C. S. (1995) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291700033183 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Self-citationConstructional Apraxia and the Minor Hemisphere
Benton, A. L. (2007) · Confinia Neurologica · doi:10.1159/000103671 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Luis, C. A., Barker, W., Gajaraj, K., Harwood, D. G., Petersen, R., Kashuba, A., Waters, C., Jimison, P., Pearl, G. S., Petito, C. K., et al. (1999) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-1166(199907)14:7 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Age associated memory impairment.
O'Brien, J. T., & Levy, R. (1992) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.304.6818.5 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Prevalence of mild cognitive impairment in an elderly community sample
Schröder, J., Kratz, B., Pantel, J., Minnemann, E., Lehr, U. M., & Sauer, H. (1998) · Journal of neural transmission. Supplementum · doi:10.1007/978-3-7091-7508-8_5 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
The Visual Retention Test as a Constructional Praxis Task
Benton, A. L. (2007) · Confinia Neurologica · doi:10.1159/000104348 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Prevalence of age-associated memory impairment and dementia in a rural community.
Coria, F., de Caso, J. Á. G., Minguez, L., Rodríguez‐Artalejo, F., & Clavería, L. E. (1993) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.56.9.973 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
A Prevalence Study of Age-Associated Memory Impairment
Barker, A., Jones, R. W., & Jennison, C. (1995) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.167.5.642 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Lyketsos, C. G., Lopez, O., Jones, B., Fitzpatrick, A. L., Breitner, J., & DeKosky, S. (2002) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.288.12.1475 · Cited by 2,049 · see citing works
Self-citationVitamin E and Donepezil for the Treatment of Mild Cognitive Impairment
Petersen, R. C., Thomas, R. G., Grundman, M., Bennett, D., Doody, R., Ferris, S., Galasko, D., Jin, S., Kaye, J., Levey, A., et al. (2005) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa050151 · Cited by 1,844 · see citing works
Mild cognitive impairment: a concept in evolution
Petersen, R. C., Caracciolo, B., Brayne, C., Gauthier, S., Jelic, V., & Fratiglioni, L. (2014) · Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1111/joim.12190 · Cited by 1,694 · see citing works
Mild Cognitive Impairment: Ten Years Later
Petersen, R. C., Roberts, R. O., Knopman, D. S., Boeve, B. F., Geda, Y. E., Ivnik, R. J., Smith, G. E., & Jack, C. R. (2009) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneurol.2009.266 · Cited by 1,447 · see citing works
Frequent amyloid deposition without significant cognitive impairment among the elderly
Aizenstein, H. J., Nebes, R. D., Saxton, J. A., Price, J. C., Mathis, C. A., Tsopelas, N. D., Ziolko, S. K., James, J. A., Snitz, B. E., Houck, P. R., et al. (2008) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.65.11.1509 · Cited by 1,059 · see citing works
Self-citationClinical epidemiology of Alzheimer’s disease: assessing sex and gender differences
Mielke, M., Vemuri, P., & Rocca, W. (2014) · Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.2147/clep.s37929 · Cited by 1,021 · see citing works
Kirova, A.-M., Bays, R. B., & Lagalwar, S. (2015) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/2015/748212 · Cited by 649 · see citing works
Vascular risk factors, incidence of MCI, and rates of progression to dementia
Solfrizzi, V., Panza, F., Colacicco, A. M., D’Introno, A., Capurso, C., Torres, F., Grigoletto, F., Maggi, S., Del Parigi, A., Reiman, E. M., et al. (2004) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000144281.38555.e3 · Cited by 530 · see citing works
Physical activity predicts gray matter volume in late adulthood: The Cardiovascular Health Study
Erickson, K. I., Raji, C. A., Lopez, O. L., Becker, J. T., Rosano, C., Newman, A. B., Gach, H. M., Thompson, P. M., Ho, A. J., & Kuller, L. H. (2010) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0b013e3181f88359 · Cited by 508 · see citing works
Self-citationNewman, A. B., Fitzpatrick, A. L., Lopez, O., Jackson, S., Lyketsos, C., Jagust, W., Ives, D., DeKosky, S. T., & Kuller, L. H. (2005) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2005.53360.x · Cited by 492 · see citing works
Self-citationLopez, O. L., Jagust, W. J., Dulberg, C., Becker, J. T., DeKosky, S. T., Fitzpatrick, A., Breitner, J., Lyketsos, C., Jones, B., Kawas, C., et al. (2003) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.60.10.1394 · Cited by 477 · see citing works
Self-citationBarnes, D. E., Alexopoulos, G. S., Lopez, O. L., Williamson, J. D., & Yaffe, K. (2006) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.63.3.273 · Cited by 465 · see citing works
Automated MRI measures identify individuals with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease
Desikan, R. S., Cabral, H. J., Hess, C. P., Dillon, W. P., Glastonbury, C. M., Weiner, M. W., Schmansky, N. J., Greve, D. N., Salat, D. H., Buckner, R. L., et al. (2009) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awp123 · Cited by 405 · see citing works
Vascular risk factors promote conversion from mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer disease
Li, J., Wang, Y. J., Zhang, M., Xu, Z. Q., Gao, C. Y., Fang, C. Q., Yan, J. C., & Zhou, H. D. (2011) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0b013e318217e7a4 · Cited by 367 · see citing works
Brain aging, Alzheimer's disease, and mitochondria
Swerdlow, R. H. (2011) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.bbadis.2011.08.012 · Cited by 306 · see citing works
“COX activity is lower in MCI subject platelet mitochondria than it is in platelet mitochondria from control subjects [130].”
BackgroundInfluentialPerspectives on Depression, Mild Cognitive Impairment, and Cognitive Decline
Steffens, D. C., Otey, E., Alexopoulos, G. S., Butters, M. A., Cuthbert, B., Ganguli, M., Geda, Y. E., Hendrie, H. C., Krishnan, R. R., Kumar, A., et al. (2006) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.63.2.130 · Cited by 274 · see citing works
Self-citationManly, J. J., Bell-McGinty, S., Tang, M.-X., Schupf, N., Stern, Y., & Mayeux, R. (2005) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.62.11.1739 · Cited by 266 · see citing works
Lombardi, G., Crescioli, G., Cavedo, E., Lucenteforte, E., Casazza, G., Bellatorre, A.-G., Lista, C., Costantino, G., Frisoni, G., Virgili, G., et al. (2020) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd009628.pub2 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
Caraci, F., Spampinato, S. F., Morgese, M. G., Tascedda, F., Salluzzo, M. G., Giambirtone, M. C., Caruso, G., Munafò, A., Torrisi, S. A., Leggio, G. M., et al. (2018) · Pharmacological Research · doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2018.02.007 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Mild Cognitive Impairment: Epidemiology and Dementia Risk in an Elderly Italian Population
Ravaglia, G., Forti, P., Montesi, F., Lucicesare, A., Pisacane, N., Rietti, E., Dalmonte, E., Bianchin, M., & Mecocci, P. (2008) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2007.01503.x · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Unobtrusive measurement of daily computer use to detect mild cognitive impairment
Kaye, J., Mattek, N., Dodge, H. H., Campbell, I., Hayes, T., Austin, D., Hatt, W., Wild, K., Jimison, H., & Pavel, M. (2014) · Alzheimer's & Dementia · doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2013.01.011 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Rosano, C., Naydeck, B., Kuller, L. H., Longstreth, W. T., & Newman, A. B. (2005) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2005.53208.x · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Self-citationPredictive Value of Mild Cognitive Impairment for Dementia
Baars, M. A. E., van Boxtel, M. P. J., Dijkstra, J. B., Visser, P. J., van den Akker, M., Verhey, F. R. J., & Jolles, J. (2009) · Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders · doi:10.1159/000200465 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
From Bedside to Bench: Does Mental and Physical Activity Promote Cognitive Vitality in Late Life?
Studenski, S., Carlson, M. C., Fillit, H., Greenough, W. T., Kramer, A., & Rebok, G. W. (2006) · Science of Aging Knowledge Environment · doi:10.1126/sageke.2006.10.pe21 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Self-citationDesai, U., Kirson, N. Y., Ye, W., Mehta, N. R., Wen, J., & Andrews, J. S. (2019) · Alzheimer's & Dementia: Diagnosis, Assessment & Disease Monitoring · doi:10.1016/j.dadm.2018.12.005 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Zanotta, D., Puricelli, S., & Bonoldi, G. (2014) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s51092 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Counting dementia: There is no one “best” way
Launer, L. J. (2011) · Alzheimer's & Dementia · doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2010.11.003 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Predictors of Future Cognitive Decline in Persons with Mild Cognitive Impairment
Xie, H., Mayo, N., & Koski, L. (2011) · Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders · doi:10.1159/000334996 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Locke, D. E. C., Chandler Greenaway, M., Duncan, N., Fields, J. A., Cuc, A. V., Hoffman Snyder, C., Hanna, S., Lunde, A., & Smith, G. E. (2014) · The Journal of Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease · doi:10.14283/jpad.2014.27 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
- Authors
- Lopez, O. L., Jagust, W. J., DeKosky, S. T., Becker, J. T., Fitzpatrick, A., Dulberg, C., Breitner, J., Lyketsos, C., Jones, B., Kawas, C., Carlson, M., & Kuller, L. H.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Davis (US)
- University of Pittsburgh (US)
- University of Washington (US)
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- Wake Forest University (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Archives of Neurology
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2003-10-01
- Volume
- 60
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 1385
- ISSN
- 0003-9942 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2114624908
- Cited by
- 618
- References
- 26
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 30 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 28 · 2015: 40 · 2014: 34 · 2013: 31 · 2012: 49
- FWCI
- 19.38
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- escholarship.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Archives of Neurology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- University of Washington
- Johns Hopkins University
- University of Pittsburgh
- National Institutes of Health (n01hc085082-026, n01hc085081-021, n01hc085079-024, n01hc015103-009, n01hc085084-005, n01hc085085-011, n01hc085083-027, n01hc085080-026, n01hc085086-022, n01hc035129-010, N01HC85086, N01HC85079, N01HC-35129)
- University of California, Davis
- Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
- University of California, Irvine
- National Institute on Aging (N01HC85079, N01 HC‐15103, AG 20098, AG-15928, N01‐HC‐35129, N01‐HC‐85086, R01AG015928)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (N01-HC-85081, N01HC85085, N01HC-85083, N01HC15103, N01HC85082, N01 HC85086, N01HC85080, N01-HC-85079 through N01-HC-85086, N01-HC85079, N01-HC85084, N01HC35129)
- National Institute of Mental Health (N01-HC-85086, N01-HC-35129, K02MH001077, N01-HC-85079, K02-MH-01077)
- NIH Clinical Center
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Cancer-related cognitive impairment studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neurological Disease Mechanisms and Treatments
- Keywords
- mild cognitive impairment, prevalence, MCI classification, amnestic MCI, dementia, Cardiovascular Health Study, older adults, age-related cognitive decline, comorbidities
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Cardiovascular Diseases, Cognition Disorders, Dementia, Female, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Memory Disorders, Neuropsychological Tests, Pennsylvania, Population, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Cohort Studies
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
