Atherosclerotic calcification is related to a higher risk of dementia and cognitive decline
Open accessAbstract
Background: Longitudinal data on the role of atherosclerosis in different vessel beds in the etiology of cognitive impairment and dementia are scarce and inconsistent. Methods: Between 2003–2006, 2364 nondemented persons underwent computed tomography of the coronaries, aortic arch, extracranial, and intracranial carotid arteries to quantify atherosclerotic calcification. Participants were followed for incident dementia (n = 90) until April 2012. At baseline and follow‐up participants also underwent a cognitive test battery. Results: Larger calcification volume in all vessels, except in the coronaries, was associated with a higher risk of dementia. After adjustment for relevant confounders, extracranial carotid artery calcification remained significantly associated with a higher risk of dementia [hazard ratio per standard deviation increase in calcification volume: 1.37 (1.05, 1.79)]. Additional analyses for Alzheimer's disease only or censoring for stroke showed similar results. Larger calcification volumes were also associated with cognitive decline. Conclusions: Atherosclerosis, in particular in the extracranial carotid arteries, is related to a higher risk of dementia and cognitive decline.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Atherosclerotic lesions in intra- and extra-cranial arteries are associated with cognitive impairment and dementia.
“In previous studies, atherosclerotic lesions in intra- and extra-cranial arteries were associated with cognitive impairment and even dementia [2,66,67].”
From Neuroprotective effect of SGLT2 inhibitors. (2021) · cites this paper as [66]
Dementia occurred more frequently in patients with atherosclerotic calcifications in intra- and extra-cranial arteries as opposed to coronary vessels.
“As demonstrated by another study, dementia occurred more frequently in patients with atherosclerotic calcifications in intra and extra-cranial arteries as opposed to coronary vessels [66].”
From Neuroprotective effect of SGLT2 inhibitors. (2021) · cites this paper as [66]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Grundy, S. M., Bilheimer, D. W., Chait, A., Clark, L. T., Denke, M. A., Havel, R. J., Hazzard, W. R., Hulley, S. B., Hunninghake, D. B., Kreisberg, R. A., et al. (1993) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.269.23.3015 · Cited by 27,944 · see citing works
McKhann, G., Drachman, D., Folstein, M., Katzman, R., Price, D., & Stadlan, E. M. (1984) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.34.7.939 · Cited by 27,915 · see citing works
Expert Panel on Detection, E. (2001) · JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association · doi:10.1001/jama.285.19.2486 · Cited by 26,011 · see citing works
2013 ESH/ESC Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension
Authors Task Force Members, Mancia, G., Fagard, R., Narkiewicz, K., Redon, J., Zanchetti, A., Böhm, M., Christiaens, T., Cífková, R., Backer, G. D., et al. (2013) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/eht151 · Cited by 13,638 · see citing works
Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes
Power, D. V. (2006) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.29.02.06.dc05-1593 · Cited by 8,672 · see citing works
Quantification of coronary artery calcium using ultrafast computed tomography
Agatston, A. S., Janowitz, W. R., Hildner, F. J., Zusmer, N. R., Viamonte, M., & Detrano, R. (1990) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/0735-1097(90)90282-t · Cited by 7,786 · see citing works
No adjustments are needed for multiple comparisons.
Rothman, K. J. (1990) · Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/00001648-199001000-00010 · Cited by 5,965 · see citing works
The global prevalence of dementia: a systematic review and metaanalysis.
Prince, M., Bryce, R., Albanese, E., Wimo, A., Ribeiro, W., & Ferri, C. P. (2013) · Alzheimer's & Dementia · doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2012.11.007 · Cited by 4,941 · see citing works
Román, G. C., Tatemichi, T. K., Erkinjuntti, T., Cummings, J. L., Masdeu, J. C., Garcia, J. H., Amaducci, L., Orgogozo, J.-M., Brun, A., Hofman, A., et al. (1993) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.43.2.250 · Cited by 4,921 · see citing works
Lusis, A. J. (2000) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35025203 · Cited by 4,880 · see citing works
Research criteria for the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease: revising the NINCDS–ADRDA criteria
Dubois, B., Feldman, H. H., Jacova, C., DeKosky, S. T., Barberger-Gateau, P., Cummings, J., Delacourte, A., Galasko, D., Gauthier, S., Jicha, G., et al. (2007) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(07)70178-3 · Cited by 4,411 · see citing works
Standards of medical care in diabetes—2013
American Diabetes Association (2013) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc13-s011 · Cited by 4,369 · see citing works
Guidelines Committee (2003) · Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1097/00004872-200306000-00001 · Cited by 3,015 · see citing works
Neurovascular pathways to neurodegeneration in Alzheimer’s disease and other disorders
Zlokovic, B. V. (2011) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn3114 · Cited by 2,969 · see citing works
Mancia, G., Rosei, E. A., Cífková, R., DeBacker, G., Erdine, S. E., Fagard, R., Farsang, C., Heagerty, A. M., Kawecka-Jaszcs, K., Kiowski, W., et al. (2003) · Lirias (KU Leuven) · doi:10.1097/01.hjh.0000059051.65882.32 · Cited by 2,601 · see citing works
Silent Brain Infarcts and the Risk of Dementia and Cognitive Decline
Vermeer, S. E., Prins, N. D., den Heijer, T., Hofman, A., Koudstaal, P. J., & Breteler, M. M. B. (2003) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa022066 · Cited by 2,313 · see citing works
Self-citationDonnan, G. A., Fisher, M., Macleod, M. R., & Davis, S. M. (2008) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(08)60694-7 · Cited by 2,218 · see citing works
Mixed brain pathologies account for most dementia cases in community-dwelling older persons
Schneider, J. A., Arvanitakis, Z., Bang, W., & Bennett, D. A. (2007) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000271090.28148.24 · Cited by 1,992 · see citing works
Experience from a multicentre stroke register: a preliminary report.
Hatano, S. (1976) · PubMed · Cited by 1,522 · see citing works
The Rotterdam Study: objectives and design update
Albert Hofman, D., Breteler, M. M. B., van Duijn, C. M., Krestin, G. P., Pols, H. A. P., Stricker, B. H. C., Tiemeier, H. W., Uitterlinden, A. G., Vingerling, J. R., & Witteman, J. C. M. (2007) · European Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s10654-007-9199-x · Cited by 1,404 · see citing works
Albert Hofman, D., Ott, A., Breteler, M. M. B., Bots, M. L., Slooter, A. J. C., van Harskamp, F., van Duijn, C. M., Broeckhoven, C. V., & Grobbee, D. E. (1997) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(96)09328-2 · Cited by 1,365 · see citing works
Sangiorgi, G., Rumberger, J., Severson, A. R., Edwards, W., Grégoire, J., Fitzpatrick, L., & Schwartz, R. S. (1998) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/s0735-1097(97)00443-9 · Cited by 1,075 · see citing works
Carotid-Wall Intima–Media Thickness and Cardiovascular Events
Polak, J. F., Pencina, M. J., Pencina, K. M., O’Donnell, C. J., Wolf, P. A., & D’Agostino, R. B. (2011) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1012592 · Cited by 829 · see citing works
Prins, N. D., van Dijk, E. J., den Heijer, T., Vermeer, S. E., JOLLES, J., Koudstaal, P. J., Albert Hofman, D., & Breteler, M. M. B. (2005) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awh553 · Cited by 732 · see citing works
Self-citation(2000) · PubMed · Cited by 683 · see citing works
Amieva, H., Jacqmin-Gadda, H., Orgogozo, J., Carret, N. L., Helmer, C., Letenneur, L., Barberger-Gateau, P., Fabrigoule, C., & Dartigues, J. (2005) · Brain : a journal of neurology · doi:10.1093/brain/awh451 · Cited by 464 · see citing works
Is dementia incidence declining?: Trends in dementia incidence since 1990 in the Rotterdam Study
Schrijvers, E. M. C., Verhaaren, B. F. J., Koudstaal, P. J., Hofman, A., Ikram, M. A., & Breteler, M. M. B. (2012) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0b013e3182553be6 · Cited by 408 · see citing works
Self-citationPatterns and Risk Factors for Systemic Calcified Atherosclerosis
Allison, M., Criqui, M. H., & Wright, C. M. (2003) · Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/01.atv.0000110786.02097.0c · Cited by 386 · see citing works
Dementia After Stroke: The Framingham Study
Ivan, C. S., Seshadri, S., Beiser, A., Au, R., Kase, C. S., Kelly-Hayes, M., & Wolf, P. A. (2004) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/01.str.0000127810.92616.78 · Cited by 369 · see citing works
White Matter Microstructural Integrity and Cognitive Function in a General Elderly Population
Vernooij, M. W., Ikram, M. A., Vrooman, H. A., Wielopolski, P. A., Krestin, G. P., Hofman, A., Niessen, W. J., Van der Lugt, A., & Breteler, M. M. B. (2009) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.5 · Cited by 335 · see citing works
Self-citationvan den Oord, S. C. H., Sijbrands, E. J. G., ten Kate, G. L., Klaveren, D. V., van Domburg, R. T., van der Steen, A. F. W., & Schinkel, A. F. L. (2013) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2013.01.025 · Cited by 313 · see citing works
Atherosclerosis and risk for dementia
van Oijen, M., de Jong, F. J., Witteman, J. C. M., Albert Hofman, D., Koudstaal, P. J., & Breteler, M. M. B. (2007) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.21073 · Cited by 312 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Rotterdam Study: 2012 objectives and design update
Albert Hofman, D., van Duijn, C. M., Franco, O. H., Ikram, M. A., Janssen, H. L. A., Klaver, C. C. W., Kuipers, E. J., Nijsten, T. E. C., Stricker, B. H. C., Tiemeier, H. W., et al. (2011) · European Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s10654-011-9610-5 · Cited by 289 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Mini-Mental State Examination in General Medical Practice: Clinical Utility and Acceptance
Tangalos, E. G., Smith, G. E., Ivnik, R. J., Petersen, R. C., Kokmen, E., Kurland, L. T., Offord, K. P., & Parisi, J. E. (1996) · Mayo Clinic Proceedings · doi:10.4065/71.9.829 · Cited by 260 · see citing works
Does vascular pathology contribute to Alzheimer changes?
Kalaria, R. N., Akinyemi, R., & Ihara, M. (2012) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jns.2012.07.032 · Cited by 238 · see citing works
Alzheimer disease: new concepts on its neurobiology and the clinical role imaging will play
Jack, C. R. (2012) · Radiology · doi:10.1148/radiol.12110433 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Calcified Atherosclerosis in Different Vascular Beds and the Risk of Mortality
Allison, M., Hsi, S., Wassel, C. L., Morgan, C. G., Ix, J. H., Criqui, M. H., & Criqui, M. H. (2011) · Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/atvbaha.111.235234 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
Intracranial Carotid Artery Atherosclerosis
Bos, D., van der Rijk, M. J. M., Geeraedts, T., Albert Hofman, D., Krestin, G. P., Witteman, J. C. M., van der Lugt, A., Ikram, M. A., & Vernooij, M. W. (2012) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/strokeaha.111.648667 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Self-citationCalcification in Major Vessel Beds Relates to Vascular Brain Disease
Bos, D., Ikram, M. A., Elias‐Smale, S. E., Krestin, G. P., Albert Hofman, D., Witteman, J. C. M., van der Lugt, A., & Vernooij, M. W. (2011) · Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/atvbaha.111.232728 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Self-citationRocca, W. A., Cha, R. H., Waring, S. C., & Kokmen, E. (1998) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009560 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Wendell, C. R., Zonderman, A. B., Metter, E. J., Najjar, S. S., & Waldstein, S. R. (2009) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/strokeaha.109.557280 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
The association between physical activity and dementia in an elderly population: the Rotterdam Study
de Bruijn, R. F. A. G., Schrijvers, E. M. C., de Groot, K. A., Witteman, J. C. M., Albert Hofman, D., Franco, O. H., Koudstaal, P. J., & Ikram, M. A. (2013) · European Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s10654-013-9773-3 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Self-citationOdink, A. E., van der Lugt, A., Albert Hofman, D., Hunink, M. G. M., Breteler, M. M. B., Krestin, G. P., & Witteman, J. C. M. (2006) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2006.07.007 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Coronary Artery Calcium, Brain Function and Structure: The AGES-Reykjavik Study
Vidal, J.-S., Sigurdsson, S., Jonsdottir, M. K., Eiriksdottir, G., Thorgeirsson, G., Kjartansson, O., Garcia, M. E., van Buchem, M. A., Harris, T. B., Gudnason, V., et al. (2010) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/strokeaha.110.579581 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Serum Lipid Levels and the Risk of Intracerebral Hemorrhage: The Rotterdam Study
Wieberdink, R. G., Poels, M. M. F., Vernooij, M. W., Koudstaal, P. J., Albert Hofman, D., van der Lugt, A., Breteler, M. M. B., & Ikram, M. A. (2011) · Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/atvbaha.111.234948 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Self-citationWhite matter volumes and periventricular white matter hyperintensities in aging and dementia
Smith, C. D., Snowdon, D. A., Wang, H., & Markesbery, W. R. (2000) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.54.4.838 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Carotid Atherosclerosis and Prospective Risk of Dementia
Wendell, C. R., Waldstein, S. R., Ferrucci, L., O’Brien, R., Strait, J. B., & Zonderman, A. B. (2012) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/strokeaha.112.672527 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Carotid atherosclerosis and 10-year changes in cognitive function
Zhong, W., Cruickshanks, K. J., Schubert, C. R., Acher, C. W., Carlsson, C. M., Klein, R., Klein, R., & Chappell, R. J. (2012) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2012.07.024 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Elias‐Smale, S. E., Odink, A. E., Wieberdink, R. G., Albert Hofman, D., Hunink, M. G. M., Krestin, G. P., Koudstaal, P. J., Breteler, M. M. B., van der Lugt, A., & Witteman, J. C. M. (2010) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2010.06.037 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Self-citationDeCarli, C. S. (2006) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000244911.16867.11 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
2 of the 52 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Donnan GA, Fisher M, Macleod M, Davis SM. Stroke. Lancet 2008; 371:1612-23.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Pinto, T. C. C., Machado, L., Bulgacov, T. M., Rodrigues, A. L., da Costa, M. L. G., Ximenes, R. C. C., & Sougey, É. B. (2018) · International Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1017/s1041610218001370 · Cited by 609 · see citing works
Epidemiology of Vascular Dementia
Wolters, F. J., & Ikram, M. A. (2019) · Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/atvbaha.119.311908 · Cited by 419 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Rotterdam Study: 2016 objectives and design update
Albert Hofman, D., Brusselle, G., Murad, S. D., van Duijn, C. M., Franco, O. H., Goedegebure, A., Ikram, M. A., Klaver, C. C. W., Nijsten, T. E. C., Peeters, R. P., et al. (2015) · European Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s10654-015-0082-x · Cited by 382 · see citing works
Self-citationNeuroprotective effect of SGLT2 inhibitors.
Pawlos, A., Broncel, M., Woźniak, E., & Gorzelak-Pabiś, P. (2021) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules26237213 · Cited by 304 · see citing works
Hypertension and Cognitive Impairment: A Review of Mechanisms and Key Concepts
Canavan, M. D., & O'Donnell, M. J. (2022) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2022.821135 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Psychogios, M., Brehm, A., Elena López-Cancio, M., Marchis, G. M. D., Meseguer, E., Katsanos, A. H., Kremer, C., Sporns, P. B., Zedde, M., Kobayashi, A., et al. (2022) · European Stroke Journal · doi:10.1177/23969873221099715 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Self-citationStefanidis, K. B., Askew, C. D., Greaves, K., & Summers, M. J. (2017) · Neuropsychology Review · doi:10.1007/s11065-017-9359-z · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Rogers, M. A., Buffolo, F., Schlotter, F., Atkins, S. K., Lee, L. H., Halu, A., Blaser, M. C., Tsolaki, E., Higashi, H., Luther, K. M., et al. (2020) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.abb1244 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Kuller, L. H., López, O. L., Mackey, R. H., Rosano, C., Edmundowicz, D., Becker, J. T., & Newman, A. B. (2016) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2015.12.034 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Intracranial atherosclerosis and dementia
Dearborn, J. L., Zhang, Y., Qiao, Y., Suri, M. F. K., Liu, L., Gottesman, R. F., Rawlings, A. M., Mosley, T. H., Alonso, Á., Knopman, D. S., et al. (2017) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000003837 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Intracranial Artery Calcification and Its Clinical Significance
Wu, X. H., Chen, X.-Y., Wang, L., & Wong, K. S. (2016) · Journal of Clinical Neurology · doi:10.3988/jcn.2016.12.3.253 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Jo, D., Yoon, G., Kim, O. Y., & Song, J. (2022) · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112636 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Volgman, A. S., Merz, C. N. B., Aggarwal, N. T., Bittner, V., Bunch, T. J., Gorelick, P. B., Maki, P. M., Patel, H. N., Poppas, A., Ruskin, J. N., et al. (2019) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.119.013154 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Better diet quality relates to larger brain tissue volumes
Croll, P. H., Voortman, T., Ikram, M. A., Franco, O. H., Schoufour, J. D., Bos, D., & Vernooij, M. W. (2018) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000005691 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Self-citationIntracranial Arterial Calcification: Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Consequences
Bartstra, J. W., van den Beukel, T. C., Hecke, W. V., Mali, W. P. T. M., Spiering, W., Koek, H. L., Hendrikse, J., de Jong, P. A., & den Harder, A. M. (2020) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2020.07.056 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
A U-shaped Association Between Blood Pressure and Cognitive Impairment in Chinese Elderly
Lv, Y., Zhu, P., Yin, Z., Kraus, V. B., Threapleton, D. E., Chei, C., Brasher, M. S., Zhang, J., Qian, H., Mao, C., et al. (2017) · Journal of the American Medical Directors Association · doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2016.11.011 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Etidronate halts systemic arterial calcification in pseudoxanthoma elasticum
Bartstra, J. W., de Jong, P. A., Kranenburg, G., Wolterink, J. M., Išgum, I., Wijsman, A., Wolf, B., den Harder, A. M., Mali, W. P. T. M., & Spiering, W. (2019) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2019.10.004 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Association between atherosclerosis and Alzheimer's disease: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Xie, B., Shi, X., Xing, Y., & Tang, Y. (2020) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.1601 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Infarct Recurrence in Intracranial Atherosclerosis: Results from the MyRIAD Study
Romano, J. G., Prabhakaran, S., Nizam, A., Feldmann, E. G., Sangha, R. S., Cotsonis, G., Campo‐Bustillo, I., Koch, S., Rundek, T., Chimowitz, M. I., et al. (2020) · Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2020.105504 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Vitamin K2 Holds Promise for Alzheimer’s Prevention and Treatment
Popescu, A., & German, M. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13072206 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Drobnjak, D., Munch, I. C., Glümer, C., Færch, K., Kessel, L., Larsen, M., & Veiby, N. (2016) · Journal of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1155/2016/6138659 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Retinal Microvasculature Is Associated With Long-Term Survival in the General Adult Dutch Population
Mutlu, Ü., Ikram, M. A., Wolters, F. J., Albert Hofman, D., Klaver, C. C. W., & Ikram, M. A. (2015) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/hypertensionaha.115.06619 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Self-citationvan der Toorn, J. E., Rueda-Ochoa, O. L., van der Schaft, N., Vernooij, M. W., Ikram, M. A., Bos, D., & Kavousi, M. (2020) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-020-01722-7 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Self-citationIntracranial arteriosclerosis and the risk of dementia: A population‐based cohort study
van den Beukel, T. C., Wolters, F. J., Siebert, U., Spiering, W., Ikram, M. A., Vernooij, M. W., de Jong, P. A., & Bos, D. (2023) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.13496 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Self-citationZhao, D., Güallar, E., Qiao, Y., Knopman, D. S., Palatino, M. C., Gottesman, R. F., Mosley, T. H., & Wasserman, B. A. (2024) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.123.067003 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Carotid Artery Calcification: What We Know So Far
Ahmed, M., McPherson, R. J., Abruzzo, A., Thomas, S., & Gorantla, V. R. (2021) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.18938 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Sabayan, B., Goudarzi, R., Ji, Y., Borhani‐Haghighi, A., Olson‐Bullis, B. A., Murray, A. M., & Sedaghat, S. (2023) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.123.032506 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Xia, C., Vonder, M., Sidorenkov, G. A., Oudkerk, M., de Groot, J. C., van der Harst, P., de Bock, G. H., Deyn, P. P. D., & Vliegenthart, R. (2020) · Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis · doi:10.5551/jat.52928 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Golüke, N. M. S., de Brouwer, E. J. M., de Jonghe, A., Claus, J. J., Staekenborg, S. S., Emmelot‐Vonk, M. H., de Jong, P. A., & Koek, H. L. (2020) · Journal of Neuroradiology · doi:10.1016/j.neurad.2020.08.001 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Metabolic profiling of intra- and extracranial carotid artery atherosclerosis
Vojinović, D., van der Lee, S. J., van Duijn, C. M., Vernooij, M. W., Kavousi, M., Amin, N., Demirkan, A., Ikram, M. A., van der Lugt, A., & Bos, D. (2018) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2018.03.015 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Self-citationAggarwal, S. K., Delahunty, N., Menezes, L., Perry, R. J., Wong, B., Reinthaler, M., Ozkor, M. A., & Mullen, M. J. (2018) · Journal of Interventional Cardiology · doi:10.1111/joic.12526 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Potential of PET/CT in assessing dementias with emphasis on cerebrovascular disorders
Borja, A. J., Hancin, E. C., Zhang, V., Revheim, M.-E. R., & Alavi, A. A. (2020) · European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging · doi:10.1007/s00259-020-04697-y · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Hsu, J., Fan, Y., Huang, Y.-L., Wang, J., Chen, W., Chiu, H., & Bai, C. (2015) · Alzheimer s Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/s13195-015-0156-8 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Vinke, E. J., Yilmaz, P., van der Toorn, J. E., Fakhry, R., Frenzen, K., Dubost, F., Licher, S., de Bruijne, M., Kavousi, M., Ikram, M. A., et al. (2021) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2021.04.005 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Self-citationGunawan, P. Y., Gunawan, P. A., & Hariyanto, T. I. (2024) · Diabetes Therapy · doi:10.1007/s13300-024-01538-1 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Bortsova, G., Bos, D., Dubost, F., Vernooij, M. W., Ikram, M. K., van Tulder, G., & de Bruijne, M. (2021) · Radiology Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1148/ryai.2021200226 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Self-citationImahori, Y., Vetrano, D. L., Ljungman, P. L. S., Laukka, E. J., Wu, J., Grande, G., Rizzuto, D., Fratiglioni, L., & Qiu, C. (2023) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.13114 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Association of mild cognitive impairment and metabolic syndrome in patients with hypertension
Mehra, A., Suri, V., Kumari, S., Avasthi, A., & Grover, S. (2020) · Asian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102185 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Melgarejo, J. D., Vernooij, M. W., Ikram, M. A., Zhang, Z., & Bos, D. (2022) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/hypertensionaha.122.20434 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Self-citationTsolaki, E., Csincsik, L., Xue, J., Lengyel, I., & Bertazzo, S. (2022) · Acta Biomaterialia · doi:10.1016/j.actbio.2022.03.003 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Chen, S., Li, N., Gao, Y., Jiang, H., & Shen, Y. (2022) · BMC Cardiovascular Disorders · doi:10.1186/s12872-022-02668-9 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Hofman, A., Rodríguez‐Ayllón, M., Vernooij, M. W., Croll, P. H., Luik, A. I., Neumann, A., Niessen, W. J., Ikram, M. A., Voortman, T., & Muetzel, R. L. (2022) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2022.10.002 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Self-citationKockelkoren, R., Vis, J. B. D., Mali, W. P. T. M., Hendrikse, J., de Jong, P. A., Rozemüller, A. J. M., & Koek, H. L. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0167444 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Costa, M. D., Redline, S. S., Hughes, T. M., Heckbert, S. R., & Goldberger, A. L. (2021) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2021.708130 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Phototherapy improves cognitive function in dementia: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Lu, X., Liu, C., & Shao, F. (2023) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.2952 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Du, H., Yang, W., & Chen, X. (2022) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2021.789035 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Porter, T., Sim, M., Prince, R. L., Schousboe, J. T., Bondonno, C. P., Lim, W. H., Zhu, K., Kiel, D. P., Hodgson, J. M., Laws, S. M., et al. (2022) · The Lancet Regional Health - Western Pacific · doi:10.1016/j.lanwpc.2022.100502 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
A low ankle-brachial index is associated with cognitive impairment: The APAC study
Wang, A., Jiang, R., Su, Z., Jia, J., Zhang, N., Wu, J., Chen, S., & Zhao, X. (2016) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2016.11.005 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Crespo-Cuevas, A. M., Canento, T., Hernández‐Pérez, M., Cáceres, C. M., González, A., Ispierto, L., Mataró, M., Vilas, D., Planas-Ballvé, A., Martín-Aguilar, L., et al. (2020) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2020.08.025 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
High Agatston Calcium Score of Intracranial Carotid Artery
Kao, H., Liou, M., Chung, H., Liu, H.-S., Tsai, P.-H., Chiang, S., Chou, M., Peng, G., Huang, G.-S., Hsu, H., et al. (2015) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000001546 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Pregnancy loss and risk of later dementia: A nationwide cohort study, Denmark, 1977–2017
Basit, S., Wohlfahrt, J., & Boyd, H. A. (2019) · Alzheimer s & Dementia Translational Research & Clinical Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.trci.2019.02.006 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Quiney, B., Ying, S., Hippe, D. S., Balu, N., Urdaneta-Moncada, A., & Mossa‐Basha, M. (2017) · Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography · doi:10.1097/rct.0000000000000629 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Intracranial internal carotid artery calcification is not predictive of future cognitive decline
Rahmani, F., Nguyen, M., Chen, C. D., McKay, N. S., Dincer, A., Joseph‐Mathurin, N., Chen, G., Liu, J., Orlowski, H. L. P., Morris, J. C., et al. (2022) · Alzheimer s Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/s13195-022-00972-2 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Zhang, C., & Shi, J. (2022) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci12050528 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Sun, Z., Liu, J., Sun, J., Xu, Z., Liu, W., Mao, N., Chu, T., Guo, H., Che, K., Xu, X. P., et al. (2022) · Academic Radiology · doi:10.1016/j.acra.2022.11.022 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Cong, L., Zhang, L., Li, B., Zhang, F., Shen, Q., Kong, G.-Q., Wang, X., Cui, S.-H., Dai, R., Cao, W.-Q., et al. (2020) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2020.00791 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Profiling the unique protective properties of intracranial arterial endothelial cells
Hermkens, D. M. A., Stam, O. C. G., de Wit, N. M., Fontijn, R. D., Jongejan, A., Moerland, P. D., Mackaaij, C., Waas, I. S. E., Daemen, M. J. A. P., & de Vries, H. E. (2019) · Acta Neuropathologica Communications · doi:10.1186/s40478-019-0805-4 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Arterial calcification in the heart–brain axis and cognitive performance over time
Streiber, A. M., van den Beukel, T. C., Hofe, I. V., Neitzel, J., Vernooij, M. W., Bos, D., & Vinke, E. J. (2024) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.14374 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citationIntracranial atherosclerosis on 7T MRI and cognitive functioning
Zwartbol, M. H. T., van der Kolk, A. G., Ghaznawi, R., van der Graaf, Y., Hendrikse, J., Geerlings, M. I., & on behalf of the UCC-SMART Study Group (2020) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000010199 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Yang, D., Cherian, L. J., Arfanakis, K., Schneider, J. A., Aggarwal, N. T., & Gutierrez, J. (2024) · Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2024.108015 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Du, H., Zheng, J., Li, X., Dong, Y., Cheng, Y., Liu, C., Hu, J., & Chen, X. (2023) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2023.117247 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Risk of Stroke, Dementia, and Cognitive Decline with Coronary and Arterial Calcification
Ngamdu, K. S., & Kalra, D. K. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm13144263 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Carotid Atherosclerotic Calcification Characteristics Relate to Post-stroke Cognitive Impairment
Wang, Y., Li, C., Ding, M., Lin, L., Li, P., Wang, Y., Dong, Q., Yang, Y., & Cui, M. (2021) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2021.682908 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Chen, X., Huang, L., Cui, L., Xiao, Z., Xiong, X., & Chen, C. (2022) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jp283259 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Xia, C., Vonder, M., Sidorenkov, G. A., Ma, R., Oudkerk, M., van der Harst, P., Deyn, P. P. D., & Vliegenthart, R. (2021) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.120.018172 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Ma, Y., Xie, W., Hou, Z., An, Y., Ren, X., Ma, Y., Li, C., Wu, Y., & Lü, B. (2021) · PubMed Central · doi:10.11909/j.issn.1671-5411.2021.07.002 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Heart–Brain Axis: Subclinical Cardiovascular Changes and Brain Health
Habibi, P., Chen, L. Y., Sorond, F. A., Shroff, G. R., & Sabayan, B. (2026) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.125.047458 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Microvascular endothelial function and cognitive performance: The ELSA-Brasil cohort study
Brant, L. C. C., Bos, D., Araújo, L. F., Ikram, M. A., Ribeiro, A. L. P., & Barreto, S. M. (2018) · Vascular Medicine · doi:10.1177/1358863x18755004 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citationCommon Carotid Artery Calcification Impacts on Cognitive Function in Older Patients
Daniele, N. D., Celotto, R., Fegatelli, D. A., Gabriele, M., Rovella, V., & Scuteri, A. (2019) · High Blood Pressure & Cardiovascular Prevention · doi:10.1007/s40292-019-00301-z · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Bartstra, J. W., van den Beukel, T. C., Kranenburg, G., Geurts, L. J., den Harder, A. M., Witkamp, T. D., Wolterink, J. M., Zwanenburg, J. J. M., van Valen, E., Koek, H. L., et al. (2024) · American Journal of Neuroradiology · doi:10.3174/ajnr.a8212 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Brutto, Ó. H. D., Mera, R. M., Sullivan, L. J., Zambrano, M., & King, N. R. (2016) · International Journal of Stroke · doi:10.1177/1747493016660105 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Brain artery diameters and risk of dementia and stroke
Melgarejo, J. D., Gurel, K., Compton, C. R., Liu, M., Guzmán, V., Assuras, S., Levin, B. E., Elkind, M. S. V., Ikram, M. A., Kavousi, M., et al. (2024) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.13712 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citationAortic Valve Calcification and the Risk of dementia: A Population-Based Study
Wolters, F. J., Bos, D., Vernooij, M. W., Franco, O. H., Albert Hofman, D., Koudstaal, P. J., van der Lugt, A., & Ikram, M. A. (2016) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-160871 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citationJung, S. M., Kim, C. T., Kang, E. W., Kim, K. H., Lee, S., Oh, H. J., Kim, S.-J., Kang, D., Choi, K. B., Ryu, D., et al. (2017) · BMC Nephrology · doi:10.1186/s12882-017-0547-0 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Yao, T., Li, J., Long, Q., Li, G., Ding, Y., Cui, Q., & Liu, Z. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-56569-7 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Vitamin K Properties in Stroke and Alzheimer’s Disease: A Janus Bifrons in Protection and Prevention
Grimaldi, L., Cavallaro, R. A., Angelis, D. D., Fuso, A., & Sancesario, G. M. (2025) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules30051027 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Kamyshna, I. I., Pavlovych, L., & Kamyshnyi, O. (2022) · Endocrine Regulations · doi:10.2478/enr-2022-0019 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Coronary Artery Calcium and Cognitive Decline in the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study
Gadde, K. M., Yin, X., Goldberg, R. B., Orchard, T. J., Schlögl, M., Dabelea, D., Ibebuogu, U. N., Watson, K. E., Pi-Sunyer, X., Crandall, J. P., et al. (2023) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.123.029671 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Blood Pressure and Statin Effects on Cognition: a Review
Yang, M., & Williamson, J. D. (2019) · Current Hypertension Reports · doi:10.1007/s11906-019-0973-4 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Yang, Z., Edwards, D., Burgess, S., Brayne, C., & Mant, J. (2020) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-200536 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Seyman, E., Sadeh-Gonik, U., Berman, P., Blum, I., Shendler, G., Nathan, B., Rothschild, O., Molad, J., Assayag, E. B., Hallevi, H., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2023.1218077 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Anita, N. Z., Tarraf, W., Kuwayama, S., Márquez, F., DeCarli, C. S., Thyagarajan, B., Franceschini, N., Lash, J. P., Johns, T. S., González, K. A., et al. (2025) · Alzheimer s Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/s13195-025-01786-8 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Thompson, J., & Vasefi, M. (2025) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2025.06.064 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Population imaging in neuroepidemiology
Vernooij, M. W., de Groot, M., & Bos, D. (2016) · Handbook of clinical neurology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-802973-2.00005-7 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citationMolecular Imaging with PET in the Assessment of Vascular Dementia and Cerebrovascular Disease
Patil, S., Patel, D., Kata, R., Teichner, E. M., Subtirelu, R. C., Ayubcha, C., Werner, T. J., & Alavi, A. A. (2024) · PET Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.cpet.2024.09.001 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Adewuyi, E. O., & Laws, S. M. (2025) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines13030618 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
FDG PET Data is Associated with Cognitive Performance in Patients from a Memory Clinic
Henkel, R., Brendel, M., Paolini, M., Brendel, E., Beyer, L., Gutzeit, A., Pogarell, O. M., Rominger, A., & Blautzik, J. (2020) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-200826 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Understanding Cognitive Deficits in People with High Blood Pressure
Kang, W., & Hernández, S. P. (2023) · Journal of Personalized Medicine · doi:10.3390/jpm13111592 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Borges, K. A., Lombardi, I., Sivilli, M., Aabye, J. D., Romano, I., Nasruddin, S. A., Padalkar, M. V., Moussouros, D. J., & Savinova, O. V. (2025) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2025.1557625 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Kathuveetil, A., Kim, D. J., Bhogal, M., Babwani, A., Ding, M., Arabambi, B., Ray, S., Alhabli, I., & Ganesh, A. (2025) · Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2025.108359 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
dos Santos, J. I., Rodrigues, C. J., Zogheib, J. B., Malachias, M. V. B., & Rezende, B. A. (2017) · Revista Brasileira de Geriatria e Gerontologia · doi:10.1590/1981-22562017020.160211 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
MicroRNA Extracellular Vesicle Stowaways in Cell-Cell Communication and Organ Crosstalk
Rogers, M. A., & Aikawa, E. R. (2019) · Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/atvbaha.119.313533 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Li, X., Chen, J., Du, H., Zhang, Y., Hua, J., Cheng, Y., Li, X., & Chen, X. (2023) · Neuroepidemiology · doi:10.1159/000533843 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Wei, J., Ali, M. K., Wang, T., & Xu, H. (2021) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.5599 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
López, M., Ríos, Á., Romaguera, D., Martínez‐González, M. Á., Fernández‐Aranda, F., Salas‐Salvadó, J., Corella, D., Fitó, M., Vioqué, J., Alonso‐Gómez, Á. M., et al. (2020) · Revista Española de Cardiología (English Edition) · doi:10.1016/j.rec.2020.06.041 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Revisiting Coronary Artery Calcium and Incident Dementia
Lu, M. T. (2017) · Circulation Cardiovascular Imaging · doi:10.1161/circimaging.117.006365 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Yuan, C., Palka, J. M., Rohatgi, A. K., Joshi, P. H., Berry, J. D., Khera, A., & Brown, E. S. (2023) · Journal of the Academy of Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaclp.2023.01.007 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Tyagi, M., Prabhakar, A. P., & Kalra, D. K. (2026) · Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.pcad.2026.02.004 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Bareiro, F. A. Q., Carnicero, J. A. C., Acha, A. A., Rosado-Artalejo, C., Jimenez, M. C. G., Rodríguez‐Mañas, L., & García‐García, F. J. (2023) · GeroScience · doi:10.1007/s11357-023-00966-4 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Multiple Causes of Dementia as Engineered Senescence
Garrett, M. D. (2020) · European Journal of Medical and Health Sciences · doi:10.24018/ejmed.2020.2.2.227 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
- Authors
- Bos, D., Vernooij, M. W., de Bruijn, R. F. A. G., Koudstaal, P. J., Hofman, A., Franco, O. H., van der Lugt, A., & Ikram, M. A.
- Affiliations
- Department of Radiology Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam The Netherlands
- Erasmus MC (NL)
- Department of Epidemiology Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam The Netherlands
- Corresponding author
- Ikram, M. Arfan
- Venue
- Alzheimer's & Dementia
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2014-08-21
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 639
- ISSN
- 1552-5260 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-5279
- OpenAlex
- W2120316106
- Cited by
- 142
- References
- 52
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 5.35
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Alzheimer s & Dementia (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- RePub (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- RePub (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Erasmus Medisch Centrum
- Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam
- European Commission
- Alzheimer's Association (NIRG‐08‐91391)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neurological Disease Mechanisms and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Health and Disease Prevention
- Keywords
- atherosclerotic calcification, dementia
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Aorta, Thoracic, Calcinosis, Carotid Arteries, Cognition Disorders, Coronary Vessels, Dementia, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Netherlands, Prospective Studies, Risk, Tomography, X-Ray Computed, Stroke, Atherosclerosis
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
