The OCI-R: Validation of the subscales in a clinical sample
Abstract
The psychometric properties of the Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory-Revised (OCI-R) subscales have not been validated in a clinical sample of individuals diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Data were collected on 186 patients diagnosed with OCD and 17 patients diagnosed with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) using the OCI-R and the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS). Confirmatory factor analysis revealed an acceptable factor structure. Patients with a given primary symptom subtype were elevated on the corresponding subscale of the OCI-R compared to other OCD patients and patients with GAD. In addition, patients who acknowledged that symptom subtype as present but not primary on the Y-BOCS had elevated OCI-R scores on that scale compared to patients who did not endorse that symptom subtype and patients with GAD. Results indicate that the subscales of the OCI-R are valid measures of six symptom subtypes of OCD. The OCI-R is a psychometrically sound, brief instrument. The current data combined with previous efforts suggest that it is appropriate for clinical and non-clinical populations, and for clinical and research purposes. Further research should examine the sensitivity of the specific subscales to treatment effects, and the potential for adding more items to account for other symptom domains of OCD.
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The OCI-R contains good psychometric properties that have been confirmed for the German version.
“The OCI-R contains good psychometric properties [74, 76, 77] that have been confirmed for the German version [75, 78].”
From Metacognitive Training for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A study protocol for a randomized controlled trial (2020) · cites this paper as [77]
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“It is therefore not surprising that relative to the other OCI-R subscales, the neutralizing scale often demonstrates inferior internal consistency and greater difficulty discriminating between individuals with and without OCD (e.g., Abra-mowitz and Deacon, 2006; Huppert et al., 2007).”
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“…on previous research indicating strong covariances among the items of each OCI-R subscale (i.e., Washing, Obsessing, Checking, Ordering, Hoarding, and Neutralizing; e.g., Foa et al., 2002; Huppert et al., 2007), the error terms among the items within each OCI-R subscale were allowed to covary.”
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“Fifthly, given controversy over the kind of intrusions captured by the OCI-R obsessions subscale (Huppert et al., 2007), more sophisticated measurement approaches should be utilized to distinguish repugnant obsessions from other unwanted intrusive thoughts (e.”
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“For instance, in an investigation of the psychometric properties of the OCI-R, Huppert et al. (2007) report a total OCI-R score of M¼ 29, SD¼ 13.4, and the washing subscale score of M¼ 7.0, SD¼ 3.7 for patients identified by a clinical interview to have contamination as their primary symptom of OCD.”
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“Its excellent psychometric properties [1,16,23] also hold true for the German version [19] and it is sensitive to change [2].”
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“It contains 18 Items and six subscales and has good psychometric properties [57-59].”
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“Group differences between short and long duration ASO-AD on continuous variables (age, ASO, AD, duration ASO-AD, duration AD-therapy, OCI-R total score and subscale scores, GAF, and USS) were analyzed exploratory using Mann-Whitney U tests, as all continuous variables were non-normally distributed as determined by the…”
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“The OCI-R has good psychometric properties,[25–27] which were verified using the German version[28,29] and is sensitive to change.”
MethodGeneralization of Conditioned Fear and Obsessive-Compulsive Traits
Kaczkurkin, A. N. (2013) · Journal of Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.4172/2161-0487.s7-003 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“The OCI-R has been shown to have adequate psychometric properties in both clinical and nonclinical samples [23-25].”
MethodSchröder, J., Werkle, N., Cludius, B., Jelinek, L., Moritz, S., & Westermann, S. (2020) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.23105 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“R has shown good psychometric properties for the total scale and subscales (Abramowitz & Deacon, 2006; Huppert et al., 2007) and is sensitive to change (Abramowitz et al., 2005).”
MethodConcurrent validity of the Yale–Brown Obsessive–Compulsive Scale–Symptom checklist
Sulkowski, M. L., Storch, E. A., Geffken, G. R., Ricketts, E. J., Murphy, T. K., & Goodman, W. K. (2008) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.20525 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Emotion‐related impulsivity across transdiagnostic dimensions of psychopathology
Pearlstein, J. G., Johnson, S. L., Timpano, K. R., Stamatis, C. A., Robison, M., & Carver, C. S. (2023) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12825 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
The spontaneous decay and persistence of mental contamination: An experimental analysis
Coughtrey, A. E., Shafran, R., & Rachman, S. (2013) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2013.09.001 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Moritz, S., Claussen, M., Hauschildt, M., & Kellner, M. B. (2014) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0000000000000156 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“It has shown good to excellent psychometric properties (Abramowitz and Deacon, 2006; Foa et al., 2002; Huppert et al., 2007).”
BackgroundNonclinical Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms and Executive Functions in Schizophrenia
Kumbhani, S. R., Roth, R. M., Kruck, C. L., Flashman, L. A., & McAllister, T. W. (2010) · Journal of Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1176/jnp.2010.22.3.304 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Obsessive–compulsive symptoms in schizophrenia: a review
Grover, S., Sahoo, S., & Surendran, I. (2018) · Acta Neuropsychiatrica · doi:10.1017/neu.2018.27 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“In addition, Obsessive–Compulsive Inventory-Revised, which is a self-rated inventory which measures six symptom dimensions of OCD (Checking, Washing, Ordering, Hoarding, Obsessing, and Neutralising) (76) can be used to assess OCS in patients with schizophrenia.”
MethodTaylor, S. J., Asmundson, G. J. G., & Jang, K. L. (2011) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.20859 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
A Randomized Controlled Trial of a Novel Self-Help Technique for Impulse Control Disorders
Moritz, S., Treszl, A., & Rufer, M. (2011) · Behavior Modification · doi:10.1177/0145445511409395 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“The OCI-R has good psychometric properties (Abramowitz & Deacon, 2006; Foa et al., 2002; Huppert et al., 2007) that also apply to the German version (Gönner et al.”
MethodMoritz, S., & Russu, R. (2013) · Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jocrd.2012.12.002 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“Several studies have confirmed the good to excellent psychometric properties for the original version (Abramowitz & Deacon, 2006; Foa et al., 2002; Huppert et al., 2007).”
ResultFradkin, I., Ludwig, C. J. H., Eldar, E., & Huppert, J. D. (2020) · PLoS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1007634 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“It has demonstrated sound psychometric properties in clinical and student populations [51,52].”
BackgroundSelf-citationA Norwegian version of the Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory-Revised: Psychometric properties
Solem, S., Hjemdal, O., Vogel, P. A., & Stiles, T. C. (2010) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9450.2009.00798.x · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Kothari, R., Barker, C., Pistrang, N., Rozental, A., Egan, S., Wade, T., Allcott-Watson, H., Andersson, G., & Shafran, R. (2019) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2019.03.007 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Moritz, S., Stepulovs, O., Schröder, J., Hottenrott, B., Meyer, B., & Hauschildt, M. (2016) · Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jocrd.2016.04.001 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Tanning addiction and psychopathology: Further evaluation of anxiety disorders and substance abuse
Ashrafioun, L., & Bonar, E. E. (2014) · Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology · doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2013.10.057 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Williams, M. T., Davis, D. M., Thibodeau, M., & Bach, N. (2013) · Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jocrd.2013.07.003 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“The English version has been validated multiple times in clinical and non-clinical samples (Hajcak, Huppert, Simons, & Foa, 2004; Huppert et al., 2007; Roberts & Wilson, 2008) and the measure has been translated and validated in several languages including German, Spanish, Brazilian Portuguese, and…”
BackgroundMethodde Souza, F. P., Foa, E. B., Meyer, E., Niederauer, K. G., & Cordioli, A. V. (2011) · Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1590/s1516-44462011000200008 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“and higher than those found by Gönner et al.(6,10)”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationMoritz, S., Aravena, S. C., Guczka, S. R., Schilling, L., Eichenberg, C., Raubart, G., Seebeck, A., & Jelinek, L. (2011) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2010.07.002 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Wetterneck, C. T., Siev, J., Adams, T. G., Slimowicz, J. C., & Smith, A. H. (2015) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2015.05.006 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“The mean OCI-R total scores in two large samples of individuals with OCD were 26.3 and 28.01 (Foa et al., 2002; Huppert et al., 2007).”
BackgroundInfluentialAspvall, K., Cervin, M., Andrén, P., Perrin, S. G., Mataix‐Cols, D., & Andersson, E. (2020) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-020-2450-7 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Relations between distinct aspects of self-regulation to symptoms of impulsivity and compulsivity
Shalev, I., & Sulkowski, M. L. (2009) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2009.02.002 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
The spread of mental contamination
Coughtrey, A. E., Shafran, R., & Rachman, S. (2013) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2013.07.008 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Zhang, C. C., Gong, H., Zhang, Y., Jin, H., Yong, Y., Li, B., Li, Y., Luo, X., Liu, W., Fang, F., et al. (2019) · Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1590/1516-4446-2018-0126 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Goetter, E. M., Herbert, J. D., Forman, E. M., Yuen, E. K., Gershkovich, M., Glassman, L. H., Rabin, S. J., & Goldstein, S. P. (2013) · Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jocrd.2013.01.003 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“The OCI-R has demonstrated good test–retest reliability and convergent and discriminant validity in clinical samples (Foa et al., 2002; Huppert et al., 2007).”
Validation of the Chinese Version of Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory-Revised
Hon, S. K. H., Siu, B. W. M., Cheng, C., Wong, W. C., & Foa, E. B. (2019) · East Asian Archives of Psychiatry · doi:10.12809/eaap1832 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Self-citationJelinek, L., Hottenrott, B., & Moritz, S. (2009) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2009.07.003 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
An exploration of economic reasoning in hoarding disorder patients
Tolin, D. F., & Villavicencio, A. (2011) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2011.09.005 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“The OCI-R possesses excellent test-retest reliability in OCD patients (Foa et al., 2002) and reliably discriminates among OCD subtypes (Huppert et al., 2007).”
BackgroundJopp, D. S., Dupuis, M., Somer, E., HaGani, N., & Herscu, O. (2018) · Psychology of Consciousness Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1037/cns0000162 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Obsessive-compulsive disorder during the COVID-19 pandemic
Ameringen, M. V., Patterson, B. A., Turna, J., Lethbridge, G., Bergmann, C. G., Lamberti, N., Rahat, M., Sideris, B., Francisco, A. P., Fineberg, N. A., et al. (2022) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.02.001 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Maguire, S., Touyz, S. W., Surgenor, L. J., Crosby, R. D., Engel, S. G., Lacey, H., Heywood‐Everett, S., & Grange, D. L. (2011) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.20951 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
van Passel, B., Danner, U. N., Dingemans, A. E., van Furth, E. F., Sternheim, L. C., Elburg, A. A. V., van Minnen, A., van den Hout, M., Hendriks, G., & Cath, D. C. (2016) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-016-1109-x · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“The OCI-R has good psychometric properties [75, 83, 84] and is sensitive to the effects of treatment [85].”
İnözü, M., Kahya, Y., & Yorulmaz, O. (2018) · Journal of Religion and Health · doi:10.1007/s10943-018-0603-5 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“Studies showed that it is a useful device with good psychometric properties for both clinical and non-clinical samples (Foa et al. 2002; Hajcak et al. 2004; Huppert et al. 2007).”
BackgroundKrebs, G., Mataix‐Cols, D., Rijsdijk, F. V., Rück, C., Lichtenstein, P., Lundström, S., Larsson, H., Eley, T. C., & de la Cruz, L. F. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.10.065 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Sensory properties of obsessive thoughts in OCD and the relationship to psychopathology
Röhlinger, J., Wulf, F., Fieker, M., & Moritz, S. (2015) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2015.10.009 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“The OCI-R is a recommended and empirically validated tool with good to excellent psychometric properties (Abramowitz and Deacon, 2006; Huppert et al., 2007): The internal consistency amounts to α1⁄40.”
InfluentialInformation processing in contamination fear: A covariation bias examination of fear and disgust
Connolly, K. M., Lohr, J. M., Olatunji, B. O., Hahn, K. S., & Williams, N. L. (2008) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2008.03.017 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Moritz, S., Wess, N., Treszl, A., & Jelinek, L. (2011) · Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy · doi:10.1007/s10879-010-9169-6 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“The ATT is an intuitive method consistent with many neuropsychological studies that have detected enhanced rigidity in OCD ( Greisberg and McKay 2003; Kuelz et al. 2004) as measured, for example, with the Trail-Making Test B (i.e., the subject has to alternate between digits and characters as fast as possible) and oth…”
MethodSultan, S., Fallata, E. O., Bashar, M., Olaqi, E. E., Alsharif, G. H., BinSaleh, R. A., & Fakieh, R. A. (2020) · Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jocrd.2020.100604 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Moritz, S., Quaquebeke, N. V., Hauschildt, M., Jelinek, L., & Gönner, S. (2012) · Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jocrd.2012.07.001 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
- Authors
- Huppert, J. D., Walther, M. R., Hajcak, G., Yadin, E., Foa, E. B., Simpson, H. B., & Liebowitz, M. R.
- Affiliations
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- New York State Psychiatric Institute (US)
- Corresponding author
- Huppert, Jonathan D.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Anxiety Disorders
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2007
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 394-406
- ISSN
- 0887-6185 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1976550676
- Cited by
- 325
- References
- 22
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 39
- FWCI
- 7.38
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Anxiety Disorders (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Yale University
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH045404, K23MH064491, R01MH045436)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Keywords
- Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory-Revised, obsessive-compulsive disorder, psychometric properties, generalized anxiety disorder, factor structure, Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale, clinical samples
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Female, Humans, Male, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Psychometrics, Surveys and Questionnaires, Severity of Illness Index, Reproducibility of Results, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
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