The Obsessive–Compulsive Inventory-Revised (OCI-R): Validation of the German version in a sample of patients with OCD, anxiety disorders, and depressive disorders

Gönner, Sascha; Leonhart, Rainer; Ecker, Willi

doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2007.07.007

Cited by 235Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum DisordersAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesPerfectionism, Procrastination, Anxiety Studies

The Obsessive–Compulsive Inventory-Revised (OCI-R): Validation of the German version in a sample of patients with OCD, anxiety disorders, and depressive disorders

Gönner, Sascha, Leonhart, Rainer, Ecker, Willi·2008·Journal of Anxiety Disorders

DOI 10.1016/j.janxdis.2007.07.007

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Abstract

The OCI-R is a psychometrically sound and valid self-report scale measuring the major symptoms of OCD on six dimensions: Checking, Washing, Ordering, Hoarding, Obsessing, and Neutralizing. Information is needed on its ability to discriminate OCD from depression. In this study, reliability and convergent, divergent, and known-groups validity of an authorized German version were examined in 381 patients with OCD, other anxiety and depressive disorders. Confirmatory factor analyses replicated the original six-factor structure in each sample. Moreover, results indicated good convergent, divergent, and known-groups validity for the full scale and the subscales in each sample, only a slight construct overlap between OCD and depression, anxiety, pathological worry, and perfectionism, and the relationships of the subscales with obsessive-compulsive personality features supported its construct validity. Previous findings for the original scale were replicated and extended in a different cultural context. However, the domains Neutralizing and Obsessions need further development.

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The OCI-R contains good psychometric properties that have been confirmed for the German version.
“The OCI-R contains good psychometric properties [74, 76, 77] that have been confirmed for the German version [75, 78].”
From Metacognitive Training for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A study protocol for a randomized controlled trial (2020) · cites this paper as [75]
The correlation between OCI-R and Y-BOCS indicates a medium degree (rs = .43).
“The correlation between OCI-R and Y-BOCS indicates a medium degree (rs = .43 [46]).”
From Low intensity technology-delivered cognitive behavioral therapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder: a meta-analysis (2021) · cites this paper as [46]

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The Spanish version of the Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory-Revised (OCI-R): Reliability, validity, diagnostic accuracy, and sensitivity to treatment effects in clinical samples
Belloch, A., Roncero, M., García‐Soriano, G., Carrió, C., Cabedo, E., & Fernández‐Álvarez, H. (2013) · Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jocrd.2013.05.001 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Further evidence for the efficacy of association splitting as a self‐help technique for reducing obsessive thoughts
Moritz, S., & Jelinek, L. (2011) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.20843 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“The OCI-R has good psychometric properties,[25–27] which were verified using the German version[28,29] and is sensitive to change.”
Method
Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy in obsessive-compulsive disorder: protocol of a randomized controlled trial
Külz, A. K., Landmann, S., Cludius, B., Hottenrott, B., Rose, N. L. J., Heidenreich, T., Hertenstein, E., Voderholzer, U., & Moritz, S. (2014) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-014-0314-8 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Concurrent validity of the Yale–Brown Obsessive–Compulsive Scale–Symptom checklist
Sulkowski, M. L., Storch, E. A., Geffken, G. R., Ricketts, E. J., Murphy, T. K., & Goodman, W. K. (2008) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.20525 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Perceptual Properties of Obsessive Thoughts are Associated With Low Insight in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Moritz, S., Claussen, M., Hauschildt, M., & Kellner, M. B. (2014) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0000000000000156 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“For the present study, we used the authorized German version (Gönner et al., 2008).”
Method
Managing Obsessive Thoughts During Brief Exposure: An Experimental Study Comparing Mindfulness-Based Strategies and Distraction in Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder
Wahl, K., Huelle, J. O., Zurowski, B., & Kordon, A. (2012) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-012-9503-2 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Association between hippocampus volume and symptom profiles in obsessive–compulsive disorder
Reeß, T. J., Rus, O. G., Gürsel, D. A., Schmitz‐Koep, B., Wagner, G., Berberich, G., & Koch, K. (2017) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2017.11.006 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Altered emotional and BOLD responses to negative, positive and ambiguous performance feedback in OCD
Becker, M. P. I., Nitsch, A. M., Schlösser, R. G. M., Koch, K., Schachtzabel, C., Wagner, G., Miltner, W. H. R., & Straube, T. (2013) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nst095 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“, 1989)) and the obsessive compulsive inventory-revised (OCI-R; German version: (Gonner et al., 2008)).”
Background
Application of attentional bias modification training to modulate hyperactive error-monitoring in OCD
Klawohn, J., Hajcak, G., Amir, N., Kathmann, N., & Riesel, A. (2020) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2020.07.005 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Premonitory Urges Reconsidered: Urge Location Corresponds to Tic Location in Patients With Primary Tic Disorders
Essing, J., Jakubovski, E., Psathakis, N., Cevirme, S., Leckman, J. F., & Müller‐Vahl, K. (2022) · Journal of Movement Disorders · doi:10.14802/jmd.21045 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“Chronic motor or vocal tic disorder 67 (23)”
Background
A Randomized Controlled Trial of a Novel Self-Help Technique for Impulse Control Disorders
Moritz, S., Treszl, A., & Rufer, M. (2011) · Behavior Modification · doi:10.1177/0145445511409395 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“The OCI-R has good psychometric properties (Abramowitz & Deacon, 2006; Foa et al., 2002; Huppert et al., 2007) that also apply to the German version (Gönner et al., 2007, 2008) and is sensitive to symptomatic change (Abramowitz, Tolin, & Diefenbach, 2005).”
Background
Amygdala–prefrontal connectivity during appraisal of symptom-related stimuli in obsessive–compulsive disorder
Paul, S., Beucke, J. C., Kaufmann, C., Mersov, A., Heinzel, S., Kathmann, N., & Simon, D. (2019) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s003329171800079x · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“…questionnaires to assess self-reported depressive and obsessive–compulsive symptoms, i.e. the Beck Depression Inventory-II (Beck et al. 1996; German version, Kühner et al. 2007) and the Obsessive–compulsive Inventory-Revised (Foa et al. 2002; German version, Gönner et al. 2008), respectively.”
Background
Rumination about obsessive symptoms and mood maintains obsessive-compulsive symptoms and depressed mood: An experimental study.
Wahl, K., van den Hout, M., Heinzel, C. V., Kollárik, M., Meyer, A. H., Benoy, C., Berberich, G., Domschke, K., Gloster, A. T., Gradwohl, G., et al. (2021) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/abn0000677 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“…Scale (Y-BOCS; German version: Hand & Büttner-Westphal, 1991) and the Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory Revised (OCI-R; German version: Gönner et al., 2008) to measure OC symptom severity, the Beck’s Depression Inventory (BDI-II; German version: Hautzinger et al., 2006) to assess…”
A Norwegian version of the Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory-Revised: Psychometric properties
Solem, S., Hjemdal, O., Vogel, P. A., & Stiles, T. C. (2010) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9450.2009.00798.x · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Conflict monitoring and adaptation as reflected by N2 amplitude in obsessive–compulsive disorder
Riesel, A., Klawohn, J., Kathmann, N., & Endrass, T. (2017) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291716003597 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“Participants completed the Beck Depression InventoryII (BDI-II; Steer et al. 1997; Hautzinger et al. 2006) as well as the Obsessive–Compulsive Inventory-Revised (OCI-R; Foa et al. 2002; Gonner et al. 2008), and a vocabulary test measuring verbal intelligence (Schmidt & Metzler, 1992).”
Method
Psychometric properties of the Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory Revised in African Americans with and without obsessive-compulsive disorder
Williams, M. T., Davis, D. M., Thibodeau, M., & Bach, N. (2013) · Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jocrd.2013.07.003 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Psychometric properties of the Brazilian Portuguese version of the Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory: Revised (OCI-R)
de Souza, F. P., Foa, E. B., Meyer, E., Niederauer, K. G., & Cordioli, A. V. (2011) · Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1590/s1516-44462011000200008 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“These results are in line with previous findings.(4,7,8,10) In addition, the correlation between the OCI-R obsession subscale and the Y-BOCS was lower in our study as compared to theoriginal version(4) (0.”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Anger and aggressiveness in obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) and the mediating role of responsibility, non-acceptance of emotions, and social desirability
Cludius, B., Mannsfeld, A. K., Schmidt, A. F., & Jelinek, L. (2021) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-020-01199-8 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Knock, and it will be opened to you? An evaluation of meridian-tapping in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).
Moritz, S., Aravena, S. C., Guczka, S. R., Schilling, L., Eichenberg, C., Raubart, G., Seebeck, A., & Jelinek, L. (2011) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2010.07.002 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Predictors of trajectories of obsessive-compulsive symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic in the general population in Germany
Jelinek, L., Göritz, A. S., Miegel, F. S., Moritz, S., & Kriston, L. (2021) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-021-01419-2 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Premonitory Urge and Tic Severity, Comorbidities, and Quality of Life in Chronic Tic Disorders
Brandt, V. C., Essing, J., Jakubovski, E., & Müller‐Vahl, K. (2023) · Movement Disorders Clinical Practice · doi:10.1002/mdc3.13742 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Core OCD symptoms: Exploration of specificity and relations with psychopathology
Stasik, S. M., Naragon‐Gainey, K., Chmielewski, M. S., & Watson, D. (2012) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2012.07.007 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
The Padua Inventory: Do Revisions Need Revision?
Gönner, S., Ecker, W., & Leonhart, R. (2009) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191109342189 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“The OCI-R subscale Neutralizing contains similar item contents; however, the results concerning the internal structure of this subscale are less than satisfactory and some authors recommend its revision (e.g., Gönner et al., 2008).”
BackgroundResultSelf-citation
Competitive Memory Training (COMET) for OCD: A Self-treatment Approach to Obsessions
Schneider, B. C., Wittekind, C. E., Talhof, A., Korrelboom, K., & Moritz, S. (2014) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2014.981758 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Validation of the Chinese Version of Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory-Revised
Hon, S. K. H., Siu, B. W. M., Cheng, C., Wong, W. C., & Foa, E. B. (2019) · East Asian Archives of Psychiatry · doi:10.12809/eaap1832 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
The Rage Attack Questionnaire-Revised (RAQ-R): Assessing Rage Attacks in Adults With Tourette Syndrome
Müller‐Vahl, K., Kayser, L., Pisarenko, A., Haas, M., Psathakis, N., Palm, L., & Jakubovski, E. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00956 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Metacognitive Training for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A randomized controlled trial
Miegel, F. S., Moritz, S., Hottenrott, B., Demiralay, C., & Jelinek, L. (2021) · Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jocrd.2021.100647 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
When cancer is associated with illness but no longer with animal or zodiac sign: Investigation of biased semantic networks in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
Jelinek, L., Hottenrott, B., & Moritz, S. (2009) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2009.07.003 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Patients’ Perspectives on Treatment with Metacognitive Training for OCD: Feasibility and Acceptability
Jelinek, L., Zielke, L., Hottenrott, B., Miegel, F., Cludius, B., Sure, A., & Demiralay, C. (2018) · Zeitschrift für Neuropsychologie · doi:10.1024/1016-264x/a000211 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Punishment has a persistent effect on error-related brain activity in highly anxious individuals twenty-four hours after conditioning
Riesel, A., Kathmann, N., Wuellhorst, V., Banica, I., & Weinberg, A. (2019) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2019.09.014 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
The polygenic risk for obsessive‐compulsive disorder is associated with the personality trait harm avoidance
Bey, K., Weinhold, L., Grützmann, R., Heinzel, S., Kaufmann, C., Klawohn, J., Riesel, A., Lennertz, L., Schmid, M. C., Ramı́rez, A., et al. (2020) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/acps.13226 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Multidimensional assessment of OCD: integration and revision of the vancouver obsessional‐compulsive inventory and the symmetry ordering and arranging questionnaire
Gönner, S., Ecker, W., Leonhart, R., & Limbacher, K. (2010) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.20690 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Self-citation
The Attention Training Technique as an Attempt to Decrease Intrusive Thoughts in Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder (OCD): From Cognitive Theory to Practice and Back
Moritz, S., Wess, N., Treszl, A., & Jelinek, L. (2011) · Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy · doi:10.1007/s10879-010-9169-6 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Fragebogen zum zwanghaften Horten (FZH) – Validierung der deutschen Version des Saving Inventory-Revised
Mueller, A., Crosby, R. D., Frost, R. O., Leidel, B., Bleich, S., Glaesmer, H., Osen, B., & de Zwaan, M. (2009) · Verhaltenstherapie · doi:10.1159/000253877 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Impaired Antisaccades in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Evidence From Meta-Analysis and a Large Empirical Study
Bey, K., Lennertz, L., Grützmann, R., Heinzel, S., Kaufmann, C., Klawohn, J., Riesel, A., Meyhöfer, I., Ettinger, U., Kathmann, N., et al. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00284 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Knowledge and competency standards for specialized cognitive behavior therapy for adult obsessive-compulsive disorder
Sookman, D., Phillips, K. A., Anholt, G. E., Bhar, S. S., Bream, V., Challacombe, F. L., Coughtrey, A. E., Craske, M. G., Foa, E. B., Gagné, J.-P., et al. (2021) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2021.113752 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Good news for allegedly bad studies. Assessment of psychometric properties may help to elucidate deception in online studies on OCD
Moritz, S., Quaquebeke, N. V., Hauschildt, M., Jelinek, L., & Gönner, S. (2012) · Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jocrd.2012.07.001 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Self-citation
Attentional biases of vigilance and maintenance in obsessive-compulsive disorder: An eye-tracking study
Cludius, B., Wenzlaff, F., Briken, P., & Wittekind, C. E. (2017) · Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jocrd.2017.12.007 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Impaired planning in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder and unaffected first-degree relatives: Evidence for a cognitive endophenotype
Bey, K., Kaufmann, C., Lennertz, L., Riesel, A., Klawohn, J., Heinzel, S., Grützmann, R., Kathmann, N., & Wagner, M. (2018) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2018.05.009 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Decreased memory confidence in obsessive–compulsive disorder for scenarios high and low on responsibility: is low still too high?
Moritz, S., & Jaeger, A. (2017) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-017-0783-0 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“We amalgamated two criteria: checkers had to display checking according to the Y-BOCS checklist and had to score above the median of the sample on the Obsessive–Compulsive Inventory (OCI-R) [66, 67].”
Method
If it is absurd, then why do you do it? The richer the obsessional experience, the more compelling the compulsion
Moritz, S., Purdon, C. L., Jelinek, L., Chiang, B., & Hauschildt, M. (2017) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2155 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Effects of rumination on unwanted intrusive thoughts: A replication and extension
Kollárik, M., van den Hout, M., Heinzel, C. V., Hofer, P. D., Lieb, R., & Wahl, K. (2020) · Journal of Experimental Psychopathology · doi:10.1177/2043808720912583 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“The scale possesses good psychometric properties (Goenner et al., 2007, 2008).”
Background
The temporal relationship between premonitory urges and covert compulsions in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder
Brandt, V. C., Hermanns, J., Beck, C., Bäumer, T., Zurowski, B., & Münchau, A. (2018) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2018.01.041 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“…1989b) and good convergent but poorer divergent validity (Goodman et al., 1989a; Kim et al., 1990) and the „Obsessive Compulsive Inventory- Revised“ (OCI-R; Foa et al., 2002), a self-report scale with good reliability, convergent and divergent validity (Gonner et al., 2008; Hajcak et al., 2004).”
Are patients with obsessive–compulsive disorder generally more doubtful? Doubt is warranted!
Moritz, S., Rietschel, L., Jelinek, L., & Bäuml, K.-H. T. (2011) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2011.07.023 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“In addition, the Obsessive–Compulsive Inventory-Revised (OCI-R, Foa et al., 2002; German translation by Gönner et al., 2008) was administered.”
Method
New wine in an old bottle? Evaluation of myMCT as an integrative bibliotherapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder
Moritz, S., Hauschildt, M., Murray, S. C., Pedersen, A., Krausz, M., & Jelinek, L. (2018) · Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jocrd.2017.12.009 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Long-Term Follow-up of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Symptom Severity and the Role of Exposure 8–10 Years After Inpatient Treatment
Külz, A. K., Landmann, S., Schmidt-Ott, M., Zurowski, B., Kordon, A., & Voderholzer, U. (2020) · Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1891/jcpsy-d-20-00002 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Associations of neural error‐processing with symptoms and traits in a dimensional sample recruited across the obsessive–compulsive spectrum
Riesel, A., Härpfer, K., Thoma, L., Kathmann, N., & Klawohn, J. (2023) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.14164 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Exploring the Peaks and Potholes: Understanding positive and negative effects of concentrated exposure treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder
Jelinek, L., Serve, A., Pampuch, S., Scheunemann, J., Schultz, J., Miegel, F. S., Hansen, B. K. A., Hagen, K., Bohnsack, F., Gallinat, J., et al. (2024) · Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jocrd.2024.100913 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Self-esteem mediates the relationship between perfectionism and obsessive-compulsive symptoms
Miegel, F. S., Moritz, S., Wagener, F., Cludius, B., & Jelinek, L. (2020) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2020.110239 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Neural correlates of symptom reduction after CBT in obsessive-compulsive washers—An fMRI symptom provocation study
Baioui, A., Pilgramm, J., Kagerer, S., Walter, B., Vaitl, D., & Stark, R. M. (2013) · Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jocrd.2013.04.006 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Metacognitive Training for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A study protocol for a randomized controlled trial
Miegel, F., Demiralay, C., Moritz, S., Wirtz, J., Hottenrott, B., & Jelinek, L. (2020) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-020-02648-3 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“The OCI-R contains good psychometric properties [74, 76, 77] that have been confirmed for the German version [75, 78].”
Background
Obsesif-Kompulsif Envanteri-Revize’nin (OKE-R) Türkçe Formu’nun Klinik ve Klinik Olmayan Örneklemlerde Geçerliği
Aydın, A., Boysan, M., Kalafat, T., Selvı, Y., Beşiroğlu, L., & Kağan, M. (2014) · Nöro Psikiyatri Arşivi · doi:10.4274/npa.y6451 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“The psychometric properties of the translated versions (Spanish (14), German (15), French (16), Icelandic (17), Norwegian (18), and Korean) (19, 20) were examined.”
Background
Rumination on unwanted intrusive thoughts affects the urge to neutralize in nonclinical individuals
Wahl, K., van den Hout, M., & Lieb, R. (2018) · Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jocrd.2018.02.002 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Validation of a classification system of obsessive–compulsive spectrum disorder symptoms in a non-clinical sample
Sulkowski, M. L., Mancil, T. L., Jordan, C., Reid, A. M., Chakoff, E., & Storch, E. A. (2011) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2011.01.015 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“, 1995), OCD, (Gönner et al., 2008), and health anxiety (Abramowitz et al.”
Further evidence for biased semantic networks in obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD): When knives are no longer associated with buttering bread but only with stabbing people
Jelinek, L., Hauschildt, M., Hottenrott, B., Kellner, M. B., & Moritz, S. (2014) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2014.05.002 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Prior Beliefs About the Importance and Control of Thoughts are Predictive But Not Specific to Subsequent Intrusive Unwanted Thoughts and Neutralizing Behaviors
Wahl, K., Hofer, P. D., Meyer, A. H., & Lieb, R. (2019) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-019-10046-7 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“It is an 18-item measure with well-documented reliability and validity (Abramowitz and Deacon 2006; Gönner et al. 2008).”
Background
The Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory-Revised (OCI-R): Further psychometric examination and its adaptation to the DSM-5 in Iranian patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder
Khosravani, V., Ardestani, S. M. S., Ardakan, A. M., & Amirinezhad, A. (2020) · Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jocrd.2020.100547 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Validación del inventario de obsesiones y compulsiones revisado (OCI-R) para su uso en población adolescente española
Martínez‐González, A. E., Piqueras, J. A., & Marzo, J. C. (2011) · Digitum: Institutional Repository of the University of Murcia (University of Murcia) · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Factor Structure and Validation of the Obsessive Compulsive Inventory-Revised (OCI-R) in a Greek Non-Clinical Sample
Angelakis, I., Panagioti, M., & Austin, J. L. (2016) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-016-9575-5
Reliability and validity of the Japanese version of the Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory-Revised (OCI-R)
Koike, H., Tsuchiyagaito, A., Hirano, Y., Oshima, F., Asano, K., Sugiura, Y., Kobori, O., Ishikawa, R., Nishinaka, H., Shimizu, E., et al. (2017) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-017-9741-2 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“Previous studies suggested that the modification of the Neutralizing subscale might be needed, because these three items in this subscale seem to be heterogeneous (Abramowitz and Deacon 2006; Foa et al. 2002; Fullana et al. 2005; Gönner et al. 2008; Hajcak et al. 2004; Woo et al. 2010).”
Result
Interpersonal Ambivalence in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Moritz, S., Niemeyer, H., Hottenrott, B., Schilling, L., & Spitzer, C. (2012) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465812000574 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“The psychometric properties of the OCI-R are good (Abramowitz and Deacon, 2006; Foa et al., 2002; Huppert et al., 2007), which has been confirmed for the German version (Gönner, Leonhart and Ecker, 2007; Gönner et al., 2008).”
BackgroundMethod

Schizo-obsessive phenomena in schizophrenic and OCD patients. Results from a cross-sectional and phenomenological study
Lóyzaga, C., Nicolini, H., Apiquián, R., ́n, A. F., García‐Anaya, M., & Ulloa, R. E. (2003) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/s0920-9964(03)80060-9
Das Zwangsinventar OCI-R - die deutsche Version des Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory-Revised
Gönner, S., Leonhart, R., & Ecker, W. (2007) · PPmP - Psychotherapie · Psychosomatik · Medizinische Psychologie · doi:10.1055/s-2007-970894 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Self-citation
Psychometric properties and construct validity of the Obsessive–Compulsive Inventory—Revised: Replication and extension with a clinical sample
Abramowitz, J. S., & Deacon, B. J. (2006) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2006.03.001 · Cited by 432 · see citing works
Reliability and validity of the Japanese version of the Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory-Revised (OCI-R)
Koike, H., Tsuchiyagaito, A., Hirano, Y., Oshima, F., Asano, K., Sugiura, Y., Kobori, O., Ishikawa, R., Nishinaka, H., Shimizu, E., et al. (2017) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-017-9741-2 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
The Italian version of the Obsessive Compulsive Inventory: Its psychometric properties on community and clinical samples
Sica, C., Ghisi, M., Altoè, G., Chiri, L. R., Franceschini, S., Coradeschi, D., & Melli, G. (2008) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2008.07.001 · Cited by 154 · see citing works

Authors: Gönner, S., Leonhart, R., & Ecker, W.
Affiliations: University of Freiburg (DE)
Corresponding author: Gönner, Sascha
ORCID: Leonhart, Rainer
Venue: Journal of Anxiety Disorders
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2008-05
Volume: 22
Issue: 4
Pages: 734-749
ISSN: 0887-6185 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2007.07.007
OpenAlex: W1967261127
Cited by: 235
References: 46
Citations by year: 2026: 4 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 40
FWCI: 8.70
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
Locations: Journal of Anxiety Disorders (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Perfectionism, Procrastination, Anxiety Studies
Keywords: Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory-Revised, obsessive-compulsive disorder, German version, psychometric validation, factor structure, convergent validity, known-groups validity, anxiety disorders, depressive disorders, pathological worry, perfectionism, cross-cultural adaptation
MeSH terms: Adult, Anxiety Disorders, Compulsive Personality Disorder, Cross-Cultural Comparison, Defense Mechanisms, Depressive Disorder, Female, Germany, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Personality Inventory, Psychometrics, Reproducibility of Results, Models, Statistical, Comorbidity

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The Obsessive–Compulsive Inventory-Revised (OCI-R): Validation of the German version in a sample of patients with OCD, anxiety disorders, and depressive disorders

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