The DOI matches its Crossref record; 159 of the 161 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The use of virtual reality in acrophobia research and treatment
Abstract
Acrophobia, or fear of heights, is a widespread and debilitating anxiety disorder affecting perhaps 1 in 20 adults. Virtual reality (VR) technology has been used in the psychological treatment of acrophobia since 1995, and has come to dominate the treatment of numerous anxiety disorders. It is now known that virtual reality exposure therapy (VRET) regimens are highly effective for acrophobia treatment. This paper reviews current theoretical understanding of acrophobia as well as the evolution of its common treatments from the traditional exposure therapies to the most recent virtually guided ones. In particular, the review focuses on recent innovations in the use of VR technology and discusses the benefits it may offer for examining the underlying causes of the disorder, allowing for the systematic assessment of interrelated factors such as the visual, vestibular and postural control systems.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“iVR has been extensively researched beyond specific phobias, and reports have validated a panoramic impact on both stress-related and chronic anxiety disorders [24,25].”
From SAFEvR MentalVeRse.app: Development of a Free Immersive Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy for Acrophobia and Claustrophobia (2024) · cites this paper as [25]
Citations
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Williams, J. B. W., & First, M. B. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199975839.013.104 · Cited by 109,845
Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change
Bandura, A. (1977) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.84.2.191 · Cited by 43,925
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
&NA; (1988) · Alzheimer Disease & Associated Disorders · doi:10.1097/00002093-198802020-00022 · Cited by 12,603
Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change
Bandura, A. (1978) · Advances in Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0146-6402(78)90002-4 · Cited by 10,586
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 3rd ed
Cooper, A. M., & Michels, R. (1981) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.138.1.128 · Cited by 7,419
Emotional processing of fear: Exposure to corrective information.
Foa, E. B., & Kozak, M. J. (1986) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.99.1.20 · Cited by 5,396
At the Heart of It All: The Concept of Presence
Lombard, M., & Ditton, T. B. (2006) · Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication · doi:10.1111/j.1083-6101.1997.tb00072.x · Cited by 4,021
Psychotherapy by reciprocal inhibition
Wolpe, J. (1968) · Pavlovian Journal of Biological Science · doi:10.1007/bf03000093 · Cited by 3,406
Psychotherapy by Reciprocal Inhibition
Masserman, J. H. (1958) · Archives of Neurology And Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archneurpsyc.1958.02340090135025 · Cited by 3,087
Mendelson, G. (1995) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.3109/00048679509064964 · Cited by 2,592
The practice of behavior therapy
Wolpe, J. (1969) · Cited by 2,343
Rheingold, H. (1991) · Cited by 1,804
Seligman, M. E. P. (1971) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(71)80064-3 · Cited by 1,649
Movement-produced stimulation in the development of visually guided behavior.
Held, R., & Hein, A. (1963) · Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0040546 · Cited by 1,161
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Preedy, V., & Watson, R. (2010) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-78665-0_5485 · Cited by 1,146
Ressler, K. J., Rothbaum, B. O., Tannenbaum, L., Anderson, P., Graap, K., Zimand, E., Hodges, L., & Davis, M. (2004) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.61.11.1136 · Cited by 1,063
Campos, J. J., Anderson, D. I., Barbu‐Roth, M. A., Hubbard, E. M., Hertenstein, M. J., & Witherington, D. C. (2000) · Infancy · doi:10.1207/s15327078in0102_1 · Cited by 1,010
Motion Sickness Adaptation: A Neural Mismatch Model
Reason, J. T. (1978) · Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine · doi:10.1177/014107687807101109 · Cited by 932
Mineka, S., & Zinbarg, R. (2006) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.61.1.10 · Cited by 929
Virtual reality exposure therapy for anxiety disorders: A meta-analysis
Powers, M. B., & Emmelkamp, P. M. G. (2008) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2007.04.006 · Cited by 904
Lubow, R. E. (1973) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/h0034425 · Cited by 793
A stimulus-response analysis of anxiety and its role as a reinforcing agent.
Mowrer, O. H. (1939) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/h0054288 · Cited by 728
Immersive virtual environment technology as a basic research tool in psychology
Loomis, J. M., Blascovich, J. J., & Beall, A. C. (1999) · Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers · doi:10.3758/bf03200735 · Cited by 717
Embodied Perception and the Economy of Action
Proffitt, D. R. (2006) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1745-6916.2006.00008.x · Cited by 696 · cited 1×
“In a related study, Morris and Magrath (1979) did not observe differences in acrophobia treatment with CD as a function of ‘‘warm’’ versus ‘‘cold’’ types of therapist behavior.”
BackgroundEffectiveness of computer-generated (virtual reality) graded exposure in the treatment of acrophobia
(1995) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.152.4.626 · Cited by 694
Motion Parallax as an Independent Cue for Depth Perception
Rogers, B., & Graham, M. (1979) · Perception · doi:10.1068/p080125 · Cited by 661
Feedforward ankle strategy of balance during quiet stance in adults
Gatev, P., Thomas, S. L., Kepple, T. M., & Hallett, M. (1999) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7793.1999.915ad.x · Cited by 612
Gibson, E. J., & Walk, R. D. (1960) · Scientific American · doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0460-64 · Cited by 604
Virtual art: From illusion to immersion
(2004) · Computers & Mathematics with Applications · doi:10.1016/s0898-1221(04)90104-6 · Cited by 582
Gender and age differences in the prevalence of specific fears and phobias
Fredrikson, M., Annas, P., Fischer, H., & Wik, G. (1996) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(95)00048-3 · Cited by 548
Current controversies in the anxiety disorders
Taylor, S. J. (1996) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(96)80355-x · Cited by 497
Virtual reality exposure therapy of anxiety disorders: A review
Krijn, M., Emmelkamp, P. M. G., Olafsson, R. P., & Biemond, R. (2004) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2004.04.001 · Cited by 492
Gibson, E. J., & Walk, R. D. (1960) · PubMed · Cited by 492
(2003) · TU/e Research Portal · Cited by 491
Virtual reality treatment versus exposure in vivo: a comparative evaluation in acrophobia
Emmelkamp, P. M. G., Krijn, M., Hulsbosch, A. M., de Vries, S., Schuemie, M. J., & van der Mast, C. A. P. G. (2002) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(01)00023-7 · Cited by 475
The influence of postural threat on the control of upright stance
Carpenter, M. G., Frank, J. S., Silcher, C. P., & Peysar, G. (2001) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s002210100681 · Cited by 472
Phobias: A Handbook of Theory, Research and Treatment
Davey, G. C. L., & Leahy, R. L. (2000) · Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1891/0889-8391.14.1.115 · Cited by 463
Mineka, S., & Oehlberg, K. A. (2008) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2007.11.007 · Cited by 428
Virtual reality: through the new looking glass
(1993) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.30-5051 · Cited by 424
Phobias and preparedness: the selective, automatic, and encapsulated nature of fear
Mineka, S., & Öhman, A. (2002) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(02)01669-4 · Cited by 414
The practice of behavior therapy
Scrignar, C. B. (1970) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/0005-7916(70)90060-1 · Cited by 381
Redfern, M. S., Yardley, L., & Bronstein, A. M. (2001) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/s0887-6185(00)00043-8 · Cited by 367
Lewis, M., & Rosenblum, L. A. (1978) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-2616-8 · Cited by 364
Postural control is scaled to level of postural threat
Adkin, A. L., Frank, J. S., Carpenter, M. G., & Peysar, G. W. (2000) · Gait & Posture · doi:10.1016/s0966-6362(00)00057-6 · Cited by 360
Virtual Art: From Illusion to Immersion
Grau, O., Gutheinz, E., & Custance, G. (2003) · Cited by 357
Roller, W. C., Glatt, S. L., Vetere-Overfield, B., & HASSANEIN, R. S. (1989) · Clinical Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1097/00002826-198904000-00003 · Cited by 350
Current controversies in the anxiety disorders
Rapee, R. M. (1996) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · Cited by 349
Fear of falling modifies anticipatory postural control
Adkin, A. L., Frank, J. S., Carpenter, M. G., & Peysar, G. W. (2002) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-001-0974-8 · Cited by 330
Virtual reality exposure therapy for PTSD Vietnam veterans: A case study
Rothbaum, B. O., Hodges, L., Alarcon, R., Ready, D., Shahar, F., Graap, K., Pair, J., Hebert, P., Gotz, D., Wills, B., et al. (1999) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1023/a:1024772308758 · Cited by 328
Treatment of acrophobia in virtual reality: The role of immersion and presence
Krijn, M., Emmelkamp, P. M. G., Biemond, R., de Wilde de Ligny, C., Schuemie, M. J., & van der Mast, C. A. P. G. (2004) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(03)00139-6 · Cited by 320
Childhood amnesia and the beginnings of memory for four early life events.
Usher, J. A., & Neisser, U. (1993) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.122.2.155 · Cited by 294
Handbook of Behavior Modification and Behavior Therapy
Weiss, T. (1977) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.134.2.221-a · Cited by 291
Virtual reality graded exposure in the treatment of acrophobia: A case report
ROTHBAUM, B. O., Hodges, L. F., Rob Kooper, A., Opdyke, D., Williford, J. S., & North, M. M. (1995) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(05)80100-5 · Cited by 278
Virtual reality treatment of claustrophobia: a case report
Botella, C., Baños, R. M., Perpiñá, C., Villa, H., Alcañiz, M., & Rey, A. (1998) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(97)10006-7 · Cited by 247
Virtual Reality Treatment in Acrophobia: A Comparison with Exposure in Vivo
Emmelkamp, P. M. G., Bruynzeel, M., Drost, L., & van der Mast, C. P. A. G. (2001) · CyberPsychology & Behavior · doi:10.1089/109493101300210222 · Cited by 241
A theory of the incubation of anxiety/fear responses
Eysenck, H. J. (1968) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(68)90064-8 · Cited by 237
Virtual environments for treating the fear of heights
Hodges, L. F., Rob Kooper, A., Meyer, T., ROTHBAUM, B. O., Opdyke, D., Graaff, J. J. D., Williford, J. S., & North, M. M. (1995) · Computer · doi:10.1109/2.391038 · Cited by 232
Surface height effects on postural control: A hypothesis for a stiffness strategy for stance
Carpenter, M. G., Frank, J. S., & Silcher, C. P. (1999) · Journal of Vestibular Research · doi:10.3233/ves-1999-9405 · Cited by 228
The role of presence in virtual reality exposure therapy
Price, M., & Anderson, P. (2007) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2006.11.002 · Cited by 223
Poulton, R., & Menzies, R. G. (2002) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(01)00045-6 · Cited by 220
Comparison of self-report and overt-behavioral procedures for assessing acrophobia
Cohen, D. C. (1977) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(77)80116-0 · Cited by 216
Redefining therapeutic success with virtual reality exposure therapy
Garcia-Palacios, A., Hoffman, H. G., Kwong See, S., Tsai, A., & Botella, C. (2001) · CyberPsychology & Behavior · doi:10.1089/109493101300210231 · Cited by 212
Early Experience and Emotional Development: The Emergence of Wariness of Heights
Campos, J. J., Bertenthal, B. I., & Kermoian, R. (1992) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.1992.tb00259.x · Cited by 211
Arntz, A., Rauner, M., & Van den Hout, M. (1995) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(95)00032-s · Cited by 208
Virtual reality exposure therapy in the treatment of fear of flying: a case report
ROTHBAUM, B. O., Hodges, L. F., Watson, B. A., Kessler, G. D., & Opdyke, D. (1996) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(96)00007-1 · Cited by 208
Handbook of behavior modification and behavior therapy
Leitenberg, H. (1976) · DigitalGeorgetown (Georgetown University Library) · Cited by 205
Virtual reality therapy for anxiety disorders: Advances in evaluation and treatment.
Wiederhold, B. K., & Wiederhold, M. D. (2005) · doi:10.1037/10858-000 · Cited by 199
Field, A. P., Argyris, N. G., & Knowles, K. A. (2001) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(00)00080-2 · Cited by 188
Phobic and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders: Theory, Research, and Practice
Emmelkamp, P. M. G. (2012) · UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam) · Cited by 180
Adolph, K. E. (2008) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8721.2008.00577.x · Cited by 173
Computer treatment for common mental health problems.
Cavanagh, K., & Shapiro, D. (2004) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.10261 · Cited by 166
Phobia: Psychological and Pharmacological Treatment
Klein, D. F. (1981) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.138.12.1646-a · Cited by 146
The Mechanism of Physiological Height Vertigo: II. Posturography
Bles, W., Kapteyn, T. S., Brandt, T., & Arnold, F. (1980) · Acta Oto-Laryngologica · doi:10.3109/00016488009127171 · Cited by 145
A new mode of fear expression: perceptual bias in height fear
Teachman, B. A., Stefanucci, J. K., Clerkin, E. M., Cody, M. W., & Proffitt, D. R. (2008) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/1528-3542.8.2.296 · Cited by 144 · cited 1×
“Additionally, given that perception informs us about the opportunities for action and the costs associated with these actions (Proffitt, 2006), Teachman et al. (2008) proposed that geographical height perception is influenced by the risks of the inherent dangers of behaving near the edge of a high…”
BackgroundRiva, G., Anguera, T., Wiederhold, B. K., & Mantovani, F. (2006) · BOA (University of Milano-Bicocca) · Cited by 143
Frequency, Comorbidity, and Psychosocial Impairment of Specific Phobia in Adolescents
Essau, C. A., Conradt, J., & Petermann, F. (2000) · Journal of Clinical Child Psychology · doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp2902_8 · Cited by 142
Depth perception by the active observer
Wexler, M., & van Boxtel, J. J. A. (2005) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2005.06.018 · Cited by 142
Immunization against the observational conditioning of snake fear in rhesus monkeys.
Mineka, S., & Cook, M. C. (1986) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.95.4.307 · Cited by 140
Jacob, R. G., Woody, S. R., Clark, D. B., Lilienfeld, S. O., Hirsch, B. E., Kucera, G. D., Furman, J. M., & Durrant, J. D. (1993) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/bf00965035 · Cited by 127
Comparative effectiveness of guided mastery and exposure treatments for intractable phobias.
Williams, S. L., Dooseman, G., & Kleifield, E. I. (1984) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.52.4.505 · Cited by 126
Postural compensations to the potential consequences of instability: Kinematics
Brown, L. A., & Frank, J. S. (1997) · Gait & Posture · doi:10.1016/s0966-6362(96)01106-x · Cited by 121
The etiology of fear of heights and its relationship to severity and individual response patterns
Menzies, R. G., & Clarke, J. (1993) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(93)90093-a · Cited by 118
The Mechanism of Physiological Height Vertigo: I. Theoretical Approach and Psychophysics
Brandt, T., Arnold, F., Bles, W., & Kapteyn, T. S. (1980) · Acta Oto-Laryngologica · doi:10.3109/00016488009127169 · Cited by 118
Guided mastery and performance desensitization treatments for severe acrophobia.
Williams, S. L., Turner, S. M., & Peer, D. F. (1985) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.53.2.237 · Cited by 114
The effect of anxiety on the regulation of upright standing among younger and older adults
Brown, L. A., Polych, M. A., & Doan, J. B. (2006) · Gait & Posture · doi:10.1016/j.gaitpost.2005.04.013 · Cited by 114
Media Presence and Inner Presence: The Sense of Presence in Virtual Reality Technologies
Coelho, C. M., Tichon, J., Hine, T. J., Wallis, G. M., & Riva, G. (2006) · CogPrints (University of Southampton) · Cited by 113
Phobia: prevalence and risk factors
Boyd, J. H., Rae, D. S., Thompson, J. W., Burns, B. J., Bourdon, K., Locke, B. Z., & Regier, D. A. (1990) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/bf00782887 · Cited by 112
Self-directed desensitization for acrophobia
Baker, B. L., Cohen, D. C., & Saunders, J. T. (1973) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(73)90071-5 · Cited by 109
Panic Disorder, Phobias, and Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Craske, M. G., & Waters, A. M. (2005) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.1.102803.143857 · Cited by 106
Self-citationPhobia : psychological and pharmacological treatment
MAVISSAKALIAN, M. R., & Barlow, D. H. (1981) · Guilford Press eBooks · Cited by 104
The Emergence of Fear on the Visual Cliff
Campos, J. J., Hiatt, S. W., Ramsay, D. S., Henderson, C., & Svejda, M. J. (1978) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-2616-8_6 · Cited by 102
Visual avoidance in specific phobia
Tolin, D. F., Lohr, J. M., Lee, T. C., & Sawchuk, C. N. (1999) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(98)00111-9 · Cited by 102
Loftus, E. F. (2004) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.0963-7214.2004.00294.x · Cited by 102
The nature and treatment of fear of flying: A controlled investigation
Howard, W. A., Murphy, S., & Clarke, J. (1983) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(83)80078-1 · Cited by 101
The Development of Normal Fear: A Review *
Marks, I. S. (1987) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1987.tb01552.x · Cited by 99
The mechanism of physiological height vertigo.
Brandt, T. H., Arnold, F., Bles, W., & Kapteyn, T. S. (1978) · PubMed · Cited by 98
Abelson, J. L., & Curtis, G. C. (1989) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(89)90091-0 · Cited by 97
Differential approach to strategies of segmental stabilisation in postural control
Isableu, B., Ohlmann, T., Crémieux, J., & Amblard, B. (2003) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-003-1446-0 · Cited by 96
Perceived danger and perceived self-efficacy as cognitive determinants of acrophobic behavior
Williams, S. L., & Watson, N. A. (1985) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(85)80041-1 · Cited by 95
The Etiology of Phobias: An Evaluation of the Stress-Diathesis Model
Kendler, K. S., Myers, J., & Prescott, C. A. (2002) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.59.3.242 · Cited by 93
Danger expectancies and insight in acrophobia
Menzies, R. G., & Clarke, J. (1995) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(94)p4443-x · Cited by 90
Ritter, B. (1969) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(69)90027-8 · Cited by 85
Guided mastery and performance desensitization treatments for severe acrophobia.
Williams, S. L., Turner, S. M., & Peer, D. F. (1985) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.53.2.237 · Cited by 83
Heterogeneity among specific phobia types in DSM-IV
Antony, M. M., Brown, T. A., & Barlow, D. H. (1997) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(97)80003-4 · Cited by 82
Doogan, S., & Thomas, G. V. (1992) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(92)90050-q · Cited by 80
The etiology of specific fears and phobias in children: a critique of the non-associative account
Muris, P., Merckelbach, H. L. G. J., de Jong, P. J., & Ollendick, T. H. (2002) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(01)00051-1 · Cited by 80
Isableu, B., Ohlmann, T., Crémieux, J., & Amblard, B. (1998) · Human Movement Science · doi:10.1016/s0167-9457(98)00005-0 · Cited by 79
Evidence for a non-associative model of the acquisition of a fear of heights
Poulton, R., Davies, S., Menzies, R. G., Langley, J. D., & Silva, P. A. (1998) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(97)10037-7 · Cited by 78
Treatment of acrophobia with contact desensitization
Ritter, B. (1969) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(69)90047-3 · Cited by 77
Joh, A. S., & Adolph, K. E. (2006) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2006.00858.x · Cited by 77
Height Effects in Real and Virtual Environments
Simeonov, P. I., Hsiao, H., DotsonM, B. W., & Ammons, D. E. (2005) · Human Factors The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society · doi:10.1518/0018720054679506 · Cited by 73
The effects of variable exposure in flooding therapy
Marshall, W. L. (1985) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(85)80040-x · Cited by 72
Phobic and obsessive-compulsive disorders: Theory, research and practice
Grayson, J. B. (1984) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/0005-7916(84)90017-x · Cited by 72
The structure of specific phobia symptoms among children and adolescents
Muris, P., Schmidt, H. G., & Merckelbach, H. L. G. J. (1999) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(98)00201-0 · Cited by 71
Optic flow-induced sway in anxiety disorders associated with space and motion discomfort
Jacob, R. G., Redfern, M. S., & FURMAN, J. M. R. (1995) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/0887-6185(95)00021-f · Cited by 68
People who seek help for fear of flying: Typology of flying phobics
Gerwen, L. J. V., Spinhoven, P., Diekstra, R. F. W., & van Dyck, R. (1997) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(97)80045-7 · Cited by 67
Virtual Reality Therapy : An Innovative Paradigm
North, M. M., North, S. M., Coble, J. R., Pyle, T., & Wilson, A. S. (1996) · Cited by 64
Acrophobia and Pathological Height Vertigo: Indications for Vestibular Physical Therapy?
Whitney, S. L., Jacob, R. G., Sparto, P. J., Olshansky, E. F., Detweiler-Shostak, G., Brown, E. L., & FURMAN, J. M. R. (2005) · Physical Therapy · doi:10.1093/ptj/85.5.443 · Cited by 63
Faulty thinking patterns in two types of anxiety
Sutton-Simon, K., & Goldfried, M. R. (1979) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/bf01172605 · Cited by 62
The process of exposure in vivo : cognitive and physiological changes during treatment of acrophobia
Emmelkamp, P. M. G., & Felten, M. (1985) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(85)90034-8 · Cited by 62
Virtual Reality and Acrophobia: One-Year Follow-Up and Case Study
Coelho, C. M., Santos, J. A., Silvério, J., & da Silva, C. F. (2006) · CyberPsychology & Behavior · doi:10.1089/cpb.2006.9.336 · Cited by 61
Schwartz, A. N., Campos, J. J., & Baisel, E. J. (1973) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/0022-0965(73)90133-1 · Cited by 60
Virtual reality (VR) for psychotherapy: From the physical to the social environment.
Glantz, K., Durlach, N. I., Barnett, R. C., & Aviles, W. A. (1996) · Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training · doi:10.1037/0033-3204.33.3.464 · Cited by 59
Krijn, M., Emmelkamp, P. M. G., Ólafsson, R. P., Schuemie, M. J., & van der Mast, C. P. A. G. (2007) · CyberPsychology & Behavior · doi:10.1089/cpb.2006.9943 · Cited by 57
Fear of heights: cognitive performance and postural control
Boffino, C. C., de Sá, C. D. S. C., Gorenstein, C., Brown, R. G., Basile, L., & Ramos, R. T. (2008) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-008-0843-6 · Cited by 54
Treatment of generalized social phobia: Results at long-term follow-up
Scholing, A., & Emmelkamp, P. M. G. (1996) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(96)00010-1 · Cited by 54
Presence in the past : what can we learn from media history?
IJsselsteijn, W. A. (2003) · TU/e Research Portal · Cited by 53
Wynchank, D., & Berk, M. (1998) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/(sici)1520-6394(1998)8:1 · Cited by 52
The etiology of acrophobia and its relationship to severity and individual response patterns
Menzies, R. G., & Clarke, J. (1995) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(95)00023-q · Cited by 50
Fears born and bred: non-associative fear acquisition?
Rachman, S. (2002) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(01)00044-4 · Cited by 47
Short-Term Treatment of Acrophobia with Virtual Reality Therapy (VRT): A Case Report
Choi, Y. H., Jang, D. P., Ku, J. H., Shin, M. B., & Kim, S. I. (2001) · CyberPsychology & Behavior · doi:10.1089/109493101300210240 · Cited by 46
Fear of water in children and adults: Etiology and familial effects
Graham, J., & Gaffan, E. A. (1997) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(96)00086-1 · Cited by 41
Virtual Reality Therapy for Anxiety Disorders: Advances in Evaluation and Treatment
Ruskin, P. E. (2005) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.162.9.1772 · Cited by 37
Avoidance of Heights on the Visual Cliff in Newly Walking Infants
Witherington, D. C., Campos, J. J., Anderson, D. I., Lejeune, L., & Seah, E. (2005) · Infancy · doi:10.1207/s15327078in0703_4 · Cited by 35
Practice as a psychotherapeutic variable: An experimental analysis within single cases
Leitenberg, H., Agras, W. S., Edwards, J. A., Thomson, L. E., & Wincze, J. P. (1970) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/0022-3956(70)90009-9 · Cited by 33
Davey, G. C. L., Menzies, R. G., & Gallardo, B. (1997) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(97)10004-3 · Cited by 33
Bruni, L., Califano, A., De, G. A., Montagnani, A., Pisani, A., Pezzarossa, G., Pozzo, G. D., Reali, D., Rebora, A., & Zanca, A. (1980) · Journal of International Medical Research · doi:10.1177/030006058000800101 · Cited by 32
Feedback and therapist praise during treatment of phobia.
Leitenberg, H., Agras, W. S., Robert, A., Butz, R. A., & Joyce, E. (1975) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0076742 · Cited by 31
Stability of driving fear acquisition pathways over one year
Taylor, J. E., Deane, F. P., & Podd, J. (1999) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(98)00194-6 · Cited by 27
Origins of common fears: Effects on severity, anxiety responses and memories of onset
Withers, R. D., & Deane, F. P. (1995) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(95)00044-x · Cited by 26
Exposure to heights in a theme park: Fear, dizziness, and body sway
Alpers, G. W., & Adolph, D. (2007) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2007.05.008 · Cited by 25
Poulton, R., Waldie, K. E., Menzies, R. G., Craske, M. G., & Silva, P. A. (2001) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(99)00156-4 · Cited by 25
p., A. (2010) · Publications Oboolo · Cited by 25
Coelho, C. M., da Silva, C. F., Santos, J. A., Tichon, J., & Wallis, G. M. (2008) · QUT ePrints (Queensland University of Technology) · Cited by 24
Cognitions and courage in the avoidance behavior of acrophobics
Marshall, W. L., Bristol, D., & Barbaree, H. E. (1992) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(92)90030-k · Cited by 23
The Role of Self-Motion in Acrophobia Treatment
Coelho, C. M., Santos, J. A., da Silva, C. F., Wallis, G. M., Tichon, J., & Hine, T. J. (2008) · CyberPsychology & Behavior · doi:10.1089/cpb.2008.0023 · Cited by 23
The origins of height fear: an evaluation of neoconditioning explanations
Menzies, R. G., & Parker, L. (2001) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(99)00177-1 · Cited by 22
A comparison of negative practice and systematic desensitization in the treatment of acrophobia
Pendleton, M. G., & Higgins, R. L. (1983) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/0005-7916(83)90074-5 · Cited by 21
State of the art of virtual reality therapy (VRT) in phobic disorders.
Roy, S. (2003) · Cited by 21
Babies’ steps make giant strides toward a science of development
Adolph, K. E. (2002) · Infant Behavior and Development · doi:10.1016/s0163-6383(02)00106-6 · Cited by 21
The epidemiology of fears and phobias in general practice.
BURNS, L. E. (1980) · PubMed · Cited by 19
Unearthing the nonassociative origins of fears and phobias: A rejoinder
Forsyth, J. P., & Chorpita, B. F. (1997) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0005-7916(97)00029-3 · Cited by 17
Influence of Height on the Spatial Orientation and Equilibrium of the Body
Nakahara, H., Takemori, S., & Tsuruoka, H. (2000) · Otolaryngology · doi:10.1067/mhn.2000.107316 · Cited by 17
Lens-assisted in vivo desensitization to heights
Schneider, J. W. (1982) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/0005-7916(82)90080-5 · Cited by 13
Mosaics of Meaning: Enhancing the Intellectual Life of Young Adults Through Story
Vandergrift, K. E. (1996) · Cited by 12
Field Dependence and Body Balance
Kitamura, F., & Matsunaga, K. (1990) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.1990.71.3.723 · Cited by 12
Contribution of therapist warmth to the contact desensitization treatment of acrophobia.
Morris, R. J., & Magrath, K. H. (1979) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.47.4.786 · Cited by 11
Evidence from three fearful samples for a poor insight type in specific phobia.
Menzies, R. G., Harris, L. M., & Jones, M. K. (1998) · PubMed · Cited by 11
Contribution of therapist warmth to the contact desensitization treatment of acrophobia.
Morris, R. J., & Magrath, K. H. (1979) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.47.4.786 · Cited by 11
Research works printed but not linked: 6
- Hein, 1972, Acquiring components of visually guided behavior, Vol. 6, 53
- Hodges, 1995, Virtual environments for treating the fear of heights, Computer. Innovative Technology for Computer Professionals, 28, 27
- Lamson, 1994, Virtual therapy of anxiety disorders, CyberEdge Journal, 4, 6
- Menzies, 1995, The etiology of fear acrophobia and its relationship to severity and individual response patterns, Behaviour research and therapy, 33, 795, 10.1016/0005-7967(95)00023-Q · DOI
- North, 1996, Virtual psychotherapy, Journal of Medicine and Virtual Reality, 1, 28
- Scarr, 1970, Patterns of fear development during infancy, Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 16, 53
Cited by
Sorted by citations
mHealth: A Mechanism to Deliver More Accessible, More Effective Mental Health Care
Price, M., Yuen, E. K., Goetter, E. M., Herbert, J. D., Forman, E. M., Acierno, R., & Ruggiero, K. J. (2014) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.1855 · Cited by 488
Meyerbröker, K., & Emmelkamp, P. M. G. (2010) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.20734 · Cited by 290
“In a review of the triggers of acrophobic behavior it was concluded that motion combined with height rather than height on its own triggers phobic responses.([59]) In this sense VRET can help in the future understanding treatment processes but also processes related to fear itself.”
BackgroundThe Origins of Specific Phobias: Influential Theories and Current Perspectives
Coelho, C. M., & Purkis, H. M. (2009) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0017759 · Cited by 118
Induction and Profiling of Strong Multi-Componential Emotions in Virtual Reality
Meuleman, B., & Rudrauf, D. (2018) · IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing · doi:10.1109/taffc.2018.2864730 · Cited by 95
“, public speaking) with the aim of reducing phobic responses or anxiety by repeated exposure [43], [44], [45], [46], [47], [48],”
BackgroundBalan, O. C., Moise, G., Moldoveanu, A. D. B., Leordeanu, M., & Moldoveanu, F. (2020) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s20020496 · Cited by 83
“VRET is equally as efficient as the classical evidence-based interventions (CBT and in vivo exposure), provides real-life impact, has good stability of results in time and engages the patients in the therapy as much as in vivo exposure does [8,16].”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Coelho, C. M., Waters, A. M., Hine, T. J., & Wallis, G.
- Affiliations
- The University of Queensland (AU)
- Griffith University (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Coelho, Carlos M.
- Venue
- Journal of Anxiety Disorders
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2009-06
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 563-574
- ISSN
- 0887-6185 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2148405318
- Cited by
- 127
- References
- 161
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 0.36
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Anxiety Disorders (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Griffith Research Online (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Digital Mental Health Interventions
- Keywords
- acrophobia, virtual reality exposure therapy, fear of heights, anxiety disorders, exposure therapy, virtual reality, vestibular system, postural control, visual perception, treatment efficacy
- MeSH terms
- Fear, Humans, Locomotion, Motion Perception, Phobic Disorders, Photic Stimulation, Posture, User-Computer Interface, Vestibule, Labyrinth, Visual Perception, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Self Efficacy
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
