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GIS modeling of lithic procurement in highlands: Archaeological and actualistic approach in the Andes
Abstract
Abstract The purpose of this work is to model human movements and lithic procurement costs in high-altitude environments on the basis of geographical aspects. Using GIS we analyzed movement costs that can be applied as of early occupation times in the Southern Andes. We compared curves used to analyze pedestrian movements and contrasted actualistic and ethnographic information in the Andes. We adapted the Tobler Offpath Hiking algorithm to GIS and estimated movement costs in the process of exploiting lithic resources that can be considered within local, non-local and extra-regional categories in Andean topographies as a function of isochrons or times of movement. We propose “local” to be the range of space which can be accessed in one 8-hour movement day. On this scale we establish a ranking regarding the costs of accessing the sources of raw material. The resulting movement scales can be useful for works in comparable environments and in different stages of occupation of high-altitude spaces.
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The model was developed for the Taguas area in northern San Juan (S29o, 3,700-5,800 m a.s.l.), allowing segmentation of the landscape into isochrones from a friction surface resulting from spatial analysis.
“El modelo fue desarrollado para el área del Taguas en el norte de San Juan (S29º, 3.700-5.800m s.n.m), permitiendo segmentar el paisaje en isócronas a partir de una superficie de fricción resultante del análisis espacial.”
From Abastecimiento de obsidiana en los andes: aplicación de un modelo de distancia anisotrópica en el ´´área de laguna del diamante (S34°) (2024) · cites this paper as Lucero et al., 2021
The model establishes that each 8-hour day, average time a human travels in abrupt topographies, is equivalent to a distance of 15 km.
“El modelo establece que cada jornada de 8 h, tiempo promedio que recorre un humano en topografías abruptas, equivale a una distancia de 15 km (Lucero et al., 2021).”
From Abastecimiento de obsidiana en los andes: aplicación de un modelo de distancia anisotrópica en el ´´área de laguna del diamante (S34°) (2024) · cites this paper as Lucero et al., 2021
Environments requiring four days of travel are considered extra-regional; here evidence of exchange usually appears.
“Finalmente, los ambientes que requieren cuatro jornadas de viaje son considerados extrarregionales, aquí suele aparecer evidencia de intercambios (Lucero et al., 2021).”
From Abastecimiento de obsidiana en los andes: aplicación de un modelo de distancia anisotrópica en el ´´área de laguna del diamante (S34°) (2024) · cites this paper as Lucero et al., 2021
The model uses travel days (isochrones) instead of kilometers as a unit of measure for human movements in high-altitude environments, because distance traveled is variable depending on topographic characteristics, natural access routes, and direction of movement.
“El modelo utiliza jornadas de desplazamiento (isócronas) en lugar de kilómetros (distancia) como unidad de medida de los movimientos humanos en ambientes de altura, ya que la distancia recorrida es variable dependiendo de las características topográficas de cada región, la presencia de vías naturales de acceso y circulación (por ejemplo, barrancos, ríos y arroyos) y la dirección en la que el movim”
From Abastecimiento de obsidiana en los andes: aplicación de un modelo de distancia anisotrópica en el ´´área de laguna del diamante (S34°) (2024) · cites this paper as Lucero et al., 2021
The model focuses on costs of human displacements in terms of time (days), so it is considered useful for investigating different modes of supply and use of lithic sources.
“Se enfoca en los costos de los desplazamientos humanos en términos de tiempo (jornadas) por lo que se considera útil para indagar sobre diferentes modos de aprovisionamiento y uso de fuentes líticas (Lucero et al., 2021).”
From Abastecimiento de obsidiana en los andes: aplicación de un modelo de distancia anisotrópica en el ´´área de laguna del diamante (S34°) (2024) · cites this paper as Lucero et al., 2021
From a least-cost analysis, Lucero et al. (2021) modeled movement cost in an Andean landscape by adapting Tobler's Off-Path curve (1993) with pedestrian locomotion functions specific to these environments.
“A partir de un análisis de menor costo (White y Surface-Evans, 2012), Lucero y colaboradores (2021) modelaron el costo del movimiento en un paisaje andino adaptando la curva Off-Path de Tobler (1993) con funciones de locomoción pedestre propia de estos entornos.”
From Abastecimiento de obsidiana en los andes: aplicación de un modelo de distancia anisotrópica en el ´´área de laguna del diamante (S34°) (2024) · cites this paper as Lucero et al., 2021
It is recognized that even with this information derived from available analogy, there is no reason to consider that a person or group did not walk more time per day to obtain resources or extend the search for more hours.
“No obstante, se reconoce que incluso con esta información derivada de la analogía disponible, no hay razón para considerar que una persona o grupo no haya caminado más tiempo por día para obtener los recursos o extendido la búsqueda por más horas (Lucero et al., 2021, p. 4).”
From Abastecimiento de obsidiana en los andes: aplicación de un modelo de distancia anisotrópica en el ´´área de laguna del diamante (S34°) (2024) · cites this paper as Lucero et al., 2021
Spaces involving between two and three days of movement structure non-local environments, where resources could be acquired through direct and indirect procurement strategies.
“Los espacios que implican entre dos y tres jornadas de movimiento estructuran entornos no locales, donde los recursos podrían adquirirse mediante estrategias directas e indirectas de aprovisionamiento.”
From Abastecimiento de obsidiana en los andes: aplicación de un modelo de distancia anisotrópica en el ´´área de laguna del diamante (S34°) (2024) · cites this paper as Lucero et al., 2021
The application of a space hierarchization model designed specifically for abrupt topographies makes it possible to evaluate movement costs and access scales on the basis of environments comparable to Laguna del Diamante.
“La aplicación de un modelo de jerarquización del espacio diseñado específicamente para topografías abruptas posibilita evaluar el costo de los movimientos y escalas de acceso sobre la base de ambientes comparables a Laguna del Diamante.”
From Abastecimiento de obsidiana en los andes: aplicación de un modelo de distancia anisotrópica en el ´´área de laguna del diamante (S34°) (2024) · cites this paper as Lucero et al., 2021
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Metadata
- Authors
- Lucero, G. F., Castro, S. C., & Cortegoso, V.
- Affiliations
- Universidad Católica de Temuco (CL)
- Universidad Nacional de Cuyo (AR)
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (AR)
- Corresponding author
- Lucero, Gustavo F.
- Venue
- Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2021-08
- Volume
- 38
- Pages
- 103026
- ISSN
- 2352-409X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3162480119
- Semantic Scholar
- a53e0745a4459537e4701004d87550f8c3e34cb6
- Cited by
- 13
- References
- 49
- Citations by year
- 2025: 3 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 2
- FWCI
- 5.57
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Archaeological Science Reports (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (PIP-CONICET 1122015 0100301)
- University of Cape Town
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Archeology › Archaeological Research and Protection
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Archeology (arts and humanities) › Archaeological and Geological Studies
- Social Sciences › Anthropology › Pleistocene-Era Hominins and Archaeology
- Keywords
- lithic raw material procurement, high-altitude environment, movement cost, pedestrian movement, isochron analysis, raw material procurement, southern Andes, early occupation, ethnographic comparison, actualism
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