Geographic vectors of human mobility in the Andes (34–36° S): Comparative analysis of ‘minor’ obsidian sources

It may state two separate claims as one.

Use of obsidian from both Diamante subsources is recorded on the western slope: Paramillos subsource appears in the upper Maipo basin (N = 2), and Laguna del Diamante subsource in the high Andes of the western slope (N = 3).

“The use of obsidian from both Diamante subsources is recorded in the western slope: Paramillos subsource appears in the upper Maipo basin (N ¼ 2), and Laguna del Diamante subsource in the high Andes of the western slope (N ¼ 3).”

It may state two separate claims as one.

The KDA of artifacts assigned to Cerro Huenul shows that the main core of archaeological distribution overlaps with the source itself, and outside the source the distribution extends in particular towards the northeast, where La Payunia volcanic field is located.

“The main core of the archaeological distribution overlaps with the source itself, which is irregularly distributed in widely separated patches.Outside of the source, Cerro Huenul obsidian has a relatively discrete distribution extending in particular towards the northeast, where La Payunia volcanic field is”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Cerro Huenul source has low costs of access from the Atlantic side of the continent, whereas access from the western side of the Andes implies circulating across mountain passes of ca. 2500 masl that are only accessible during the summer.

“This obsidian source has low costs of access from the Atlantic side of continent, whereas access from the western side of the Andes implies circulating across mountain passes of ca.2500 masl that are only accessible during the summer.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Only artifacts that can be bracketed in time are included, accounting for 54.7% of the total sample.

“We only include those artifacts that can be bracketed in time, accounting for 54.7% of the total sample (Fig. 10).”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Cerro Huenul source has much lower costs of access and no seasonal constraints compared with the Laguna del Diamante area.

“In comparison with the Laguna del Diamante area, Cerro Huenul source has much lower costs of access, as well as no seasonal constraints (Dur an et al., 2004).”

• cites Dur an et al., 2004Not matched

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It may state two separate claims as one.

Overall, Arroyo Paramillos obsidian was used more intensively in the lagoon itself and towards the eastern lowlands in Argentina.

“Overall, Arroyo Paramillos obsidian was used more intensively in the lagoon itself and towards the eastern lowlands in Argentina.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Laguna del Diamante and Cerro Huenul are both secondary sources; compared to Andean primary sources such as Las Cargas and Laguna del Maule, they are surpassed in the size of blanks that can be produced.

“Laguna del Diamante and Cerro Huenul sources are both secondary sources.When compared to Andean primary sources, such as Las Cargas and particularly Laguna del Maule (Seelenfreund et al., 1996), these sources are amply surpassed in terms of the size of blanks that can be produced.”

• cites Seelenfreund et al., 1996 sourceNot checked yet

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It may state two separate claims as one.

Laguna del Diamante has the least costs of access from the western side, while circulation from the east implies circulating across mountain ridges of higher average altitudes, reaching up to 4000 masl.

“On the other hand, there is an interesting contrast in the difficulties of access from both sides of the Andes: Laguna del Diamante has the least costs of access from the western side, while circulation from the east implies circulating across mountain ridges of higher average altitudes, reaching up to 4000 masl.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Cerro Huenul is readily accessible from the eastern plains, presenting much higher costs of access from the west.

“On the other hand, Cerro Huenul is readily accessible from the eastern plains, presenting much higher costs of access from the west (Table 1).”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Cerro Huenul obsidian displays a strong signal at the source, as well as a significant presence in the Payunia volcanic field towards the northeast.

“Cerro Huenul obsidian displays a strong signal at the source, as well as a significant presence in the Payunia volcanic field towards the northeast.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

The falloff curve of Cerro Huenul obsidian shows a main core of distribution within 20 km from the source, sharply decreasing beyond 50 km, followed by an increment in La Payunia volcanic field around 100 km from the source, and scattered isolated finds up to 500 km.

“The falloff curve of Cerro Huenul obsidian shows a main core of distribution within 20 km from the source, sharply decreasing beyond 50 km.This is followed by an increment in the frequency of artifacts in La Payunia volcanic field, around 100 km from the source, and then scattered isolated finds in contexts located up to 500 km (Fig. 9).”

It may state two separate claims as one.

77% of sites with obsidian assigned to the types Laguna del Diamante and Arroyo Paramillos are within a distance below four days of walk from the source, while the remaining 23% are at a distance equivalent to 4/6 days of walk.

“The surface analysis indicates that 77% of the sites with obsidian assigned to the types Laguna del Diamante and Arroyo Paramillos are recorded in a distance below four days of walk from the source, while the remaining 23% is located in a distance equivalent to 4/6 days of walk from the source (Fig. 3).”

It may state two separate claims as one.

The last interval includes the period between 2000/300 years BP and represents 41.9% of the obsidian samples.

“The last interval includes the period between 2000/300 years BP, representing 41.9% of the obsidian samples.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

The falloff curve of Arroyo Paramillos shows a contrast towards both sides of the Andes; after an initial drop at ca. 10 km from the source towards both sides, most artifacts assigned to this source are on the western side, with density peaks up to 100 km from the source.

“Once more, there is a contrast in the distribution towards both sides of the Andes mountain range.Followed by an initial drop at ca. 10 km from the source towards both sides, associated to the rugged terrain surrounding Laguna del Diamante, most of the artifacts assigned to this source are located in the western side, with density peaks up to 100 km from the source.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

76% of sites with obsidian from Cerro Huenul are within a distance equivalent to four days of travel from the source, while the remaining 24% are at a distance equivalent to 4/17 days of walk.

“76% of the sites with obsidian from Cerro Huenul are localized within a distance equivalent to four days of travel from the source, while the remaining 24% is located that is equivalent to 4/17 days of walk (Fig. 4).”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Obsidian from Cerro Huenul is of the highest quality among all sources from the macro-region, with no inclusions or internal fracture planes.

“Importantly, obsidian from Cerro Huenul is of the highest quality among all the sources from the macro-region.It does not show inclusions or internal fracture planes, minimizing the need for field-testing of the nodules in advance of transport.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

The falloff curve of Laguna del Diamante source shows a contrast between the western and eastern slopes: distribution towards the east does not extend beyond 10 km, while on the western side the curve shows an initial drop between 5 and 10 km followed by two moderate peaks reaching 100 km from the source.

“As could be predicted from the KDA presented above, there is a contrast in the distribution of artifacts in both slopes of the Andes, since the distribution towards the east does not extend beyond 10 km; on the western side, the curve shows an initial drop between 5 and 10 km, signaling the highest part of the route, followed by two moderate peaks reaching 100 km from the source.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Cerro Huenul ranks first in terms of quality and year-round accessibility.

“On the other hand, Cerro Huenul ranks first in terms of quality and year-round accessibility.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

In the early stage, the northernmost area records only human use of Arroyo Paramillos obsidian on the western slope of the Andes along the Maipo River, plus a minimal presence in high-altitude sites in northern Mendoza during the mid-Holocene; the Laguna del Diamante chemical type is not recorded during this early interval.

“In this early stage, in the northernmost area we only record the human use of Arroyo Paramillos obsidian in the western slope of Andes along the Maipo River (Dur an et al., 2012;Cortegoso et al., 2012b), as well as a minimal presence in high altitude sites northern Mendoza during the mid-Holocene (Giesso et al., 2011).The Laguna del Diamante chemical type is not recorded during this early interval”

• cites Dur an et al., 2012Not matched

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• cites Cortegoso et al., 2012bNot matched

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• cites Giesso et al., 2011 sourceNot checked yet

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It may state two separate claims as one.

The two chemical types from Laguna del Diamante locality are located in the Andean highlands with high, but different, costs of access from the Atlantic and Pacific watersheds.

“The two chemical types from Laguna del Diamante locality are located in the Andean highlands with high, but different, costs of access from the Atlantic and Pacific watersheds.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Cerro Huenul has lower costs of access than all the alternative sources, year-round availability, and excellent nodule quality.

“Cerro Huenul has lower costs of access than all the alternative sources, year-round availability, and excellent nodule quality.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

A macro-regional perspective indicates that Laguna del Diamante and Cerro Huenul were used and transported less intensively than Las Cargas and Laguna del Maule, respectively.

“A macro-regional perspective on the use of these sources and alternative ones indicates that these two were used and transported less intensively than Las Cargas and Laguna del Maule, respectively.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true.

The systematic reach of Arroyo Paramillos to the Maipo River lowlands could be the scale of transhumant patterns of mobility connecting the Andes with its western watershed.

“This could be the scale of transhumant patterns of mobility connecting the Andes with its western watershed.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

These samples represent the first evidence of human use of the Laguna del Diamante locality, recorded out of the source itself, which has an archaeological signature starting at ca. 2000 cal years BP.

“These samples represent the first evidence of human use of Laguna del Diamante locality, and were recorded out of the source itself, which has an archaeological signature starting at ca. 2000 cal years BP (Dur an et al., 2006).”

• cites Dur an et al., 2006Not matched

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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

This interval would represent a period before the changes in subsistence occurring in the last 2000 years, when divergent cultural trajectories are emphasized in northern vs. southern Cuyo and Patagonia.

“This interval would represent a period before the changes in subsistence occurring in the last 2000 years, when divergent cultural trajectories are emphasized in northern vs. southern Cuyo and Patagonia.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Five Andean obsidian sources with different geological and topographical properties have been recognized.

“This work has allowed recognizing five Andean sources with different geological and topographical properties (Dur an et al., 2004;Giesso et al., 2011).”

• cites Dur an et al., 2004Not matched

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• cites Giesso et al., 2011 sourceNot checked yet

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It may state two separate claims as one.

Other sources were used much more in terms of intensity and spatial scale of transport in both watersheds of the Andes; this is the case for Las Cargas compared to Laguna del Diamante and Laguna del Maule compared to Cerro Huenul.

“When information on the sources analyzed here is visualized in the context of the data for all the available sources in the macro- region (Dur an et al., 2004;De Francesco et al., 2006;Giesso et al., 2011;Dur an et al., 2012;Cortegoso et al., 2012a), it is evident that other sources were used much more in terms of intensity and spatial scale of transport in both watersheds of the Andes.This is the”

• cites Giesso et al., 2011 sourceNot checked yet

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• cites Dur an et al., 2012Not matched

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• cites Salg an et al., 2012Not matched

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It may state two separate claims as one.

These early records away from the source mark the first evidence of use of the source, since the archaeological record in Laguna del Diamante has an initial date of ca. 2000 years BP.

“These early records away from the source mark the first evidence of use of the source, since the archaeological record in Laguna del Diamante has an initial date of ca.2000 years BP (Dur an et al., 2006).”

• cites Dur an et al., 2006Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

The two laboratories involved calibrated the results.

“The two laboratories involved calibrated the results.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

The Arroyo Paramillos subsource, whose primary source remains unknown, shows a main core in the upper basin of the Maipo River on the western slope of the Andes, which may indicate the primary location of this raw material.

“The Arroyo Paramillos subsource, whose primary source remains unknown, shows a main core in the upper basin of the Maipo River in the western slope of the Andes.This may be a good indication of the primary location of this raw material.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

This spatial pattern implies an intense use of Cerro Huenul raw material at the source and nearby areas, with a sharp falloff in a short range, and also very exceptional transport of items far from the source.

“This spatial pattern would imply an intense use of this raw material at the source and nearby areas, with a sharp falloff in a short range, and also very exceptional transport of items far of the source.”

Probably not a substantial claim.

Following Shackley (2009), rocks with relatively limited archaeological distributions provide an opportunity to learn on different levels of human organization of technology, mobility, and landscape use.

“Following Shackley (2009), we suggest that rocks with relatively limited archaeological distributions provide an opportunity to learn on different levels of human organization of technology, mobility, and landscape use.”

• cites Shackley, 2009 sourceCheck pending

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

The application of non-destructive XRF has allowed analyzing all ranges of artifact sizes including flakes of ca. 10 mm.

“The application of non-destructive XRF has allowed analyzing all ranges of artifact sizes including flakes of ca. 10 mm.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

In the next interval, the Cerro Huenul source is only represented by two artifacts recovered away from the source, which would be due to the absence of archaeological components dated to this interval.

“In the case of the Cerro Huenul source, only represented by two artifacts recovered away from the source, this would be due to the absence of archaeological components dated to this interval (Barberena et al., 2015b).”

• cites Barberena et al., 2015bNot matched

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Probably not a substantial claim.

The presence of societies with herding strategies opens the possibility to explore transhumant routes that are usually accompanied by reduced quantity of obsidian in disseminated sites far from the source.

“The presence of societies with herding strategies opens the possibility to explore the existence of transhumant routes that usually are accompanied by reduced quantity of obsidian in disseminated sites in long distances from the source (Barge and Chataigner, 2003) like the pattern recorded in the latter period.”

• cites Barge and Chataigner, 2003 sourceCheck pending

It may state two separate claims as one.

The presence of Arroyo Paramillos obsidian tools at the upper Maipo River site is consistent with some levels of demographic packing, though not conclusive.

“Though not conclusive, this is consistent with some levels of demographic packing (sensu Binford, 2001).”

• cites Binford, 2001Check pending

It may state two separate claims as one.

Biogeography conditions but does not determine actual patterns of human spatial organization.

“Building on this, we suggest that biogeography conditions but does not determine actual patterns of human spatial organization.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

The area of the upper basin of the Maipo River has been proposed as an ecological and cultural threshold around 3500 years BP characterized by innovations in subsistence including the handling of botanic resources such as Chenopodiaceae.

“The area of the upper basin of the Maipo River has been proposed as ecological and cultural threshold around 3500 years BP characterized by innovations in subsistence that include the handling of botanic resources, such as Chenopodiaceae (Planella et al., 2011).”

• cites Planella et al., 2011 sourceCheck pending

It may state two separate claims as one.

Since ca. 3000 BP, the archaeological record indicates that important economic changes took place on a regional scale, followed by divergent trajectories for areas north and south of 34°S in Argentina and Chile.

“Since ca.3000 BP, the archaeological record indicates that important economic changes took place on a regional scale, followed by divergent trajectories for areas north and south of 34 S in Argentina and Chile.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Cerro Huenul constitutes only 14% of the obsidian characterized in La Payunia volcanic field, despite being the closest source and accessible year round, and is outnumbered by Laguna del Maule source.

“Despite being the closest source and accessible year round, it constitutes only 14% of the obsidian characterized in La Payunia volcanic field, being outnumbered by Laguna del Maule source (Barberena et al., 2011;Salg an et al., 2012;Cortegoso et al., 2012b).”

• cites Barberena et al., 2011 sourceNot checked yet

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• cites Salg an et al., 2012Not matched

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• cites Cortegoso et al., 2012bNot matched

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It may state two separate claims as one.

Our data is biased towards the east and northeast, hampering an assessment of other spatial patterns.

“As mentioned before, our data is biased towards the east and northeast, hampering an assessment of other spatial patterns.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

The sharp drop in Cerro Huenul transport intensity beyond 20-50 km does not indicate the scale of human mobility, since other obsidian types are transported for larger distances systematically.

“We do not consider that this indicates the scale of human mobility, since other obsidian types are being transported for larger distances systematically.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

The existence of different demographic and economic conditions in the western vs. eastern Andean watersheds could provide the social basis for such an asymmetric dynamic of circulation.

“The existence of different demographic and economic conditions in the western vs. eastern Andean watersheds could provide the social basis for such an asymmetric dynamic of circulation.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

The rugged and circumscribed character of a large part of the available space in the Pacific watershed limits the amount of productive lands, making these the most appropriate conditions for intensification of resources and systematic annexation of the highlands.

“Considering also that the rugged and circumscribed character of a large part of the available space in the Pacific watershed limits the amount of productive lands, these would be the most appropriate conditions for intensification of resources and systematic annexation of the highlands (cf.Dur an et al., 2006).”

• cites Dur an et al., 2006Not matched

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These cases occur during the late Holocene, in a context of increasing regionalization and, particularly in the north, diversified subsistence, decreased mobility, and long-distance interactions observed in the material record.

“Interestingly, these cases occur during the late Holocene, in a context of increasing regionalization and, particularly in the north, diversified subsistence, decreased mobility, and long-distance interactions observed in the material record (Frigol e et al., 2014).”

• cites Frigol e et al., 2014Not matched

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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Human paleodiets inferred from stable isotopes in human remains from the Chilean side of the Andes indicate the existence of diverse economic modes associated to different parts of the landscape.

“Human paleodiets inferred from stable isotopes in human remains from the Chilean side of the Andes indicate the existence of diverse economic modes associated to different parts of the landscape (Sanhueza and Falabella, 2010).”

• cites Sanhueza and Falabella, 2010 sourceCheck pending

It may state two separate claims as one.

Recent technological analysis indicates that the complete reduction sequence is represented at Cerro Huenul assemblages, though in very low frequency compared to Laguna del Maule.

“Recent technological analysis of these assemblages indicates that the complete reduction sequence is represented, though in very low frequency in comparison to Laguna del Maule (Salg an et al., 2012).”

• cites Salg an et al., 2012Not matched

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