The DOI matches its Crossref record; 33 of the 33 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 13 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Energetically optimal travel across terrain: visualizations and a new metric of geographic distance with anthropological applications
Open accessAbstract
We present a visualization and computation tool for modeling the caloric cost of pedestrian travel across three dimensional terrains. This tool is being used in ongoing archaeological research that analyzes how costs of locomotion affect the spatial distribution of trails and artifacts across archaeological landscapes. Throughout human history, traveling by foot has been the most common form of transportation, and therefore analyses of pedestrian travel costs are important for understanding prehistoric patterns of resource acquisition, migration, trade, and political interaction. Traditionally, archaeologists have measured geographic proximity based on "as the crow flies" distance. We propose new methods for terrain visualization and analysis based on measuring paths of least caloric expense, calculated using well established metabolic equations. Our approach provides a human centered metric of geographic closeness, and overcomes significant limitations of available Geographic Information System (GIS) software. We demonstrate such path computations and visualizations applied to archaeological research questions. Our system includes tools to visualize: energetic cost surfaces, comparisons of the elevation profiles of shortest paths versus least cost paths, and the display of paths of least caloric effort on Digital Elevation Models (DEMs). These analysis tools can be applied to calculate and visualize 1) likely locations of prehistoric trails and 2) expected ratios of raw material types to be recovered at archaeological sites.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
The paper presents a C++/OpenGL system that computes energetically least-cost pedestrian paths over DEM terrain using metabolic equations and Dijkstra’s algorithm, then applies it to the Sierra Nevada to compare least-cost and shortest paths and predict obsidian raw-material ratios. It reports average 5% energetic savings for least-cost paths overall, rising to 11% in mountainous areas and up to 24% maximum.
Key findings
- Least-cost paths on average offered a 5% energetic savings compared with shortest paths overall; in mountainous areas the benefit increased to 11%, with a maximum energetic benefit of 24% (Table 2).
- Least-cost paths were 3% longer on average than shortest paths overall, and 6% longer in mountainous areas; terrain ruggedness positively predicted both the energetic benefit and the length difference (Table 2).
- Energetically optimal paths tended to avoid unnecessary elevation gains and converge toward natural drainages and level regions, suggesting they could help identify common prehistoric travel routes.
- In the eastern Sierra Nevada, with at least 8 obsidian sources, the model predicted raw-material ratios for two sources, Casa Diablo and Queen; in much of the western portion, ratios were predicted to be roughly equal, whereas an airline-distance approach would predict much greater abundance of the western-most source, Casa Diablo.
Methods
- The system reads ASCII DEM files and builds a weighted, directed graph in which each elevation point is a node linked to its 8 cardinal and diagonal neighbors; edge weights are geometric distance for shortest paths or caloric cost for least-cost paths.
- Caloric costs are computed from metabolic equations requiring traveler sex, weight, height, age, walking speed, load carried, and terrain factor, with separate formulas for downhill versus level/positive slopes and a standing metabolic rate floor using Harris-Benedict equations; optimal paths are found with Dijkstra’s algorithm.
- The demonstration uses Sierra Nevada terrain with DEM elevation values sampled every 1-arc second (approximately every 90 meters), computing shortest and least-cost paths from one source to 16 destinations and predicting obsidian ratios from two source locations.
Limitations
- The paper states that the metabolic equations can under-predict the cost of traveling at slow speeds on downhill grades, so the system checks that edge travel cost is not lower than standing metabolic rate.
- The paper states that, like any simple model, it is likely to explain only a portion of observed variation in artifact assemblages, and that predictions still need to be tested with actual artifact collections.
- The text makes evident that the work is an ongoing demonstration: performance degrades beyond terrain sizes of about 650 x 650 due to RAM limits and reliance on virtual memory, and the archaeological trail and obsidian-ratio predictions have not yet been validated against recovered data.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
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Claims the paper makes
0 of 13 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged
- Findingown data
Terrain ruggedness positively predicts the difference in length between least cost and shortest paths.
“These results show that ruggedness of terrain positively predicts 1) the energetic benefit of least cost paths, and 2) the difference in length between least cost and shortest paths.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In the Sierra Nevada study area, least cost paths are 3% longer on average than shortest paths.
“These calculations also show that least cost paths are 3% longer on average than shortest paths, but that in mountainous areas they are 6% longer.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
In the Sierra Nevada region, least cost caloric paths can provide significant energetic savings over the shortest path.
“Such calculations in the Sierra Nevada region show that least cost caloric paths can provide significant energetic savings over the shortest path (see section 5).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In the Sierra Nevada study area, least cost paths on average offer a 5% energetic savings compared to shortest paths.
“The summary of these data (Table 2) shows that least cost paths on average offer a 5% energetic savings compared to shortest paths, but that in mountainous areas, the benefit increases to 11%.”
- Also stated in: § 6 CONCLUSION · plain
“In the Sierra Nevada study area, least cost paths were on average 5% less costly that shortest paths.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § 6 CONCLUSION · plain
- Findingreasoning
In much of the western portion of the image, ratios of obsidian types are predicted to be roughly equal.
“In much of the western portion of the image (i.e. the left hand side), ratios of obsidian types are predicted to be roughly equal.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
- Findingown data
In mountainous areas of the Sierra Nevada, least cost paths offer an 11% energetic savings compared to shortest paths.
“but that in mountainous areas, the benefit increases to 11%.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In mountainous areas of the Sierra Nevada, least cost paths are 6% longer than shortest paths.
“but that in mountainous areas they are 6% longer.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The performance of the system is contingent upon the size and sampling density of the terrain of interest, and the corresponding size of its network representation.
“The performance of our system is contingent upon the size and sampling density of the terrain of interest, and the corresponding size of its network representation.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingreasoning
The routes of energetically optimal paths between varieties of different locations tend to converge.
“Other path calculations that we have performed show that the routes of energetically optimal paths between varieties of different locations tend to converge.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingnone given
Terrain ruggedness appears to positively predict the energetic savings of least cost paths.
“Terrain ruggedness appears to positively predict the energetic savings of least cost paths.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In mountainous areas, least cost paths offer an energetic saving of as much as 24% over shortest paths.
“In mountainous areas, least cost paths offer an energetic saving of as much as 24% over shortest paths.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
By assigning a single slope value to all locations, previous models disregard the fact that in the real world, a single location could potentially have a range of significantly different slopes depending on the direction of travel through the location.
“By assigning a single slope value to all locations, previous models disregard the fact that in the real world, a single location could potentially have a range of significantly different slopes, e.g.-25%, 0%, or +25%, depending on the direction of travel through the location.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
There are well-established methods for calculating the caloric cost of travel based on path distance, slope, traveler weight, speed of travel, and type of terrain.
“There are well-established methods for calculating the caloric cost of travel based on path distance, slope, traveler weight, speed of travel, and type of terrain [11,12].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [11]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [12]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation
All published research in this area has employed raster-based models using two forms of commercial GIS software: ArcView and ArcInfo.
“All published research in this area has employed raster-based models using two forms of commercial GIS software: ArcView [17,18] and ArcInfo [15] both manufactured by Environmental Systems Research Institute (ESRI Corp, Redlands, CA).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites [17]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [18]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [15]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation
These systems assign a single slope value to every surface location, calculated by taking the maximum possible slope value that can be achieved by traversing through a cell from its four cardinal neighbors.
“These systems assign a single slope value to every surface location, calculated by taking the maximum possible slope value that can be achieved by traversing through a cell from its four cardinal neighbors [19].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [19]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationreasoning
A least cost caloric path appears much better suited for pedestrian travel than the shortest path.
“As the graph clearly demonstrates, a least cost caloric path appears much better suited for pedestrian travel.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
In more varied terrain, the energetic savings of following least cost paths increases on average.
“In an entirely flat terrain, least cost paths would be identical to shortest paths, while in more varied terrain, the energetic savings of following least cost paths increases on average.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
The system is able to predict ratios of different types of stone-tool raw materials expected at archaeological sites based on the locations of their geologic sources.
“Building on these routing techniques, our system is able to predict ratios of different types of stone-tool raw materials that would be expected to be found at archaeological sites based on the locations of their geologic sources (see figure 6).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationown data
The great energetic cost of traversing the Sierra Nevada mountain range reduces the real benefit of Casa Diablo's westernmost location.
“Using our model, however, the great energetic cost of traversing the Sierra Nevada mountain range is incorporated into the analysis, and as our visualization shows, this great energetic cost reduces the real benefit of Casa Diablo's westernmost location.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Energetically optimal path computations could lead to finding common paths that would be followed by people traveling throughout a landscape.
“This suggests that energetically optimal path computations could lead to finding common paths that would be followed by people traveling throughout a landscape.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
The tool extends gravity model reasoning to incorporate the natural form of the landscape and its energetic consequences.
“Our tool extends this simple reasoning in a way that incorporates the natural form of the landscape and its energetic consequences.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
The metabolic equations can under-predict the cost of traveling at slow speeds on downhill grades.
“One limitation of the metabolic equations is that they can under-predict the cost of traveling at slow speeds on downhill grades [24].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [24]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisenone given
No system currently available makes use of a network data structure or metabolic equations to derive paths of least caloric effort.
“although no system currently available makes use of a network data structure or metabolic equations to derive paths of least caloric effort.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
A traditional approach that used only airline distance would predict a much greater abundance of the western-most source, Casa Diablo.
“A traditional approach that used only airline distance would predict a much greater abundance of the western-most source, Casa Diablo.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
Terrain ruggedness determines the energetic benefit of least cost paths over shortest paths.
“These results demonstrate that ruggedness of terrain determines the energetic benefit of least cost paths over shortest paths.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Slope is critically important in determining travel costs.
“Slope is critically important in determining travel costs [11,20,21], and for this reason we have built our system using a directed graph network model that calculates slope and maintains travel cost information between terrain locations and their 8 potential neighbors.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites [11]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [20]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [21]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationreasoning
In an entirely flat terrain, least cost paths would be identical to shortest paths.
“In an entirely flat terrain, least cost paths would be identical to shortest paths, while in more varied terrain, the energetic savings of following least cost paths increases on average.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
- Probably not a substantial claim. 11
- It may state two separate claims as one. 6
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Findingnone givenFor the example in Figure 1, the overall caloric saving for the least cost path is 21%.
“The overall caloric saving for the least cost path is 21%.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Findingown dataOptimal path execution time using the system appears to increase at around the theoretical time complexity of Dijkstra's algorithm, O((V+E)logV), until terrain sizes reach about 650 x 650.
“Optimal path execution time using our system appears to increase at around the theoretical time complexity of Dijkstra's algorithm, O((V+E)logV), until terrain sizes reach about 650 x 650 in size.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Findingown dataEnergetically least cost paths typically avoid traveling unnecessarily over peaks and ridges, and take advantage of terrain features such as valleys and passes that circumvent dramatic elevation gains.
“In Figures 1, 2 and 4, it can be seen that energetically least cost paths typically avoid traveling unnecessarily over peaks and ridges, and take advantage of terrain features such as valleys and passes that circumvent dramatic elevation gains.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Findingnone givenShortest paths take more direct routes and often include traveling over peaks and ridges.
“Shortest paths take more direct routes and often include traveling over peaks and ridges.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Findingown dataGraph construction time increases linearly with the number of vertices in the graph.
“Under these conditions, tests indicate that graph construction, which includes the time to iterate through the DEM file and construct its internal network representation, as well as writing the graph representation out to an ASCII file, increases linearly with the number of vertices in the graph.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
PremisecitationThe !Kung San hunter-gatherers have been estimated to walk on foot 2400 km per year.
“The !Kung San hunter-gatherers, for instance, have been estimated to walk on foot 2400 km per year [5].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [5]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
It may state two separate claims as one.
InterpretationreasoningThis maximum-value approach eliminates all negative slopes, and hence any evidence that downhill travel is possible.
“This maximum-value approach eliminates all negative slopes, and hence any evidence that downhill travel is possible.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim.
Study design and conductreasoningThe system checks that the travel cost of an edge is not lower than what would be incurred based on standing metabolic rate (SMR).
“For this purpose, we check that the travel cost of an edge is not lower than what would be incurred based on standing metabolic rate (SMR).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim.
InterpretationreasoningArchaeological sites very close to a certain quarry should exclusively contain material from that quarry.
“In practical terms, this means that archaeological sites very close to a certain quarry should exclusively contain material from that quarry, while sites of equal caloric distance from two obsidian quarries should have a 50/50 breakdown in toolstone ratios.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: At a given archaeological site, the abundance of artifacts derived from a particular resource inversely correlates with the energetic distance from that resource's origin.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
Premisenone givenIn the archaeological research cited above, terrains are invariably viewed with an orthographic projection and with limited attention to visualization details.
“In the archaeological research cited above, terrains are invariably viewed with an orthographic projection and with limited attention to visualization details.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
InterpretationreasoningSites of equal caloric distance from two obsidian quarries should have a 50/50 breakdown in toolstone ratios.
“In practical terms, this means that archaeological sites very close to a certain quarry should exclusively contain material from that quarry, while sites of equal caloric distance from two obsidian quarries should have a 50/50 breakdown in toolstone ratios.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: At a given archaeological site, the abundance of artifacts derived from a particular resource inversely correlates with the energetic distance from that resource's origin.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
PremisecitationThe algorithm choice was guided by a recent review that found implementations of Dijkstra's algorithm typically outperform all other shortest path algorithms.
“Our algorithm choice was guided by a recent review of shortest path computations that found implementations of Dijkstra's algorithm to typically outperform all other shortest path algorithms [27].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [27]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
It may state two separate claims as one.
Premisenone givenTobler's equation does not incorporate impedance factors for a variety of travel surface types, nor does it incorporate the effect of traveler body weight or load carriage, as does Pandolf's equation.
“In addition, Tobler's equation does not incorporate impedance factors for a variety of travel surface types, nor does it incorporate the effect of traveler body weight or load carriage, as does Pandolf's equation.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
PremisecitationTobler's equation has not been empirically verified under a range of controlled conditions, as is the case with the metabolic formula that our system employs.
“This equation has not been empirically verified under a range of controlled conditions, as is the case with the metabolic formula that our system employs [11].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [11]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
PremisereasoningGravity models are one way to predict variation in archaeological assemblages based simply on locations of resource origins.
“As such, gravity models are one way to predict variation in archaeological assemblages based simply on locations of resource origins.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationnone givenLeast cost paths trend toward natural drainages and level regions of the terrain.
“These convergences are not surprising because least cost paths trend toward natural drainages and level regions of the terrain.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
The authors state this as an assumption.
At a given archaeological site, the abundance of artifacts derived from a particular resource inversely correlates with the energetic distance from that resource's origin.
“For this analysis, the assumption is that at a given archaeology site, the abundance of artifacts derived from a particular resource will inversely correlate with the energetic distance from the origin of that resource.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Most humans are concerned with conserving their energy and would choose the less strenuous path around a hill.
“Most humans are concerned with conserving their energy and would choose the less strenuous path around the hill; however, this essential human characteristic is typically overlooked in geographic and archaeological models of pedestrian travel.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Efficiently traveling is essential for survival.
“Because efficiently traveling is essential for survival, archaeologists often perform geographic analyses that are guided by the principal of energetic optimization.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Valid measures of travel costs are essential for archaeological studies.
“Valid measures of travel costs are essential for these studies.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The Sierra Nevada study area encompasses difficult mountain passages and demonstrates unique features of the model.
“This study area was selected because it encompasses difficult mountain passages and demonstrates unique features of our model.”
The paper relies on this without support.
In the eastern Sierra Nevada, at least 8 sources of obsidian were available for tool making and use throughout prehistory.
“In the eastern Sierra Nevada, at least 8 sources of obsidian were available for tool making and use throughout prehistory.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
FETE's anisotropic cost-minimisation function relies on well-established caloric expenditure and travel time equations for pedestrians.
“FETE's anisotropic costminimisation function relies on well-established caloric expenditure [89][90][91][92][93] and travel time 94 equations for pedestrians (Equations 1-7 below).”
From Landscape rules predict optimal superhighways for the first peopling of sahul (2021) · cites this paper as [89]
The Introduction describes well-established methods for calculating pedestrians’ caloric travel costs, and §4 (Implementation) uses metabolic equations and edge travel time to calculate energetic cost. But §2 says the Tobler travel-time equation has not been empirically verified under a range of controlled conditions, so this source does not support calling the travel-time equation well-established. The copy provides no page numbers for these passages. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Tobler equation cites Harris and Benedict
MinorThe equation attributed to Tobler cites [23], which is the Harris and Benedict reference; the Tobler reference is numbered 21.
“Other researchers have employed a formula developed by Tobler [23] to derive estimates of travel time based on path slope and distance”
“23. J. Harris and F. Benedict, "A Biometric Study of Basal Metabolism in Man", Carnegie Institute of Washington, Washington, 1919.”
Terrain-data-source citation points to an archaeology paper
MinorThe National Geophysical Data Center is cited as [13], but reference 13 is a paper about Chaco roadways.
“such as the National Geophysical Data Center [13]”
“13. J. Kantner, "Ancient Roads, Modern Mapping: Evaluating Chaco Roadways Using Geographic Information Systems Technology", Expedition 39(3):49-62, 1997.”
Dijkstra citation points to a stone-procurement paper
MinorThe text attributes Dijkstra's algorithm to reference [26], but reference 26 concerns stone raw material procurement. The Dijkstra paper is numbered 24.
“This analysis is implemented using Dijkstra's shortest path algorithm [26].”
“26. P.J. Brantingham, "A Neutral Model of Stone Raw Material Procurement." American Antiquity 68(3): 487-509, 2003.”
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Expansionary dynamics of the nascent Monte Albán state
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Byrd, B. F., Garrard, A. N., & Brandy, P. (2016) · Quaternary International · doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2015.07.048 · Cited by 44
Ben‐Dor, M., & Barkai, R. (2020) · Journal of Anthropological Archaeology · doi:10.1016/j.jaa.2020.101192 · Cited by 40
Páez, A., Anjum, Z., Dickson-Anderson, S. E., Schuster-Wallace, C. J., Martín Ramos, B., & Higgins, C. D. (2020) · Journal of Transport Geography · doi:10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2019.102564 · Cited by 38
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The importance of energetics in archaeological least cost analysis
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Architecture of a surface exploration traverse analysis and navigational tool
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Estimación del tiempo de demora en rutas pedestres: comparación de algoritmos
Pérez, J. M., Villalta, I. V., & Álvarez, J. I. (2015) · LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) · Cited by 6
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Energetic Path Finding across Massive Terrain Data
Tsui, A. N., & Wood, Z. J. (2009) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-10520-3_84 · Cited by 3
Self-citationSelim, G., & Sabour, A. A. (2010) · IEEE International Conference on Vehicular Electronics and Safety (ICVES) · doi:10.1109/icves.2010.5550946 · Cited by 2
Ranging Ecology: The View from Above
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A network for simulating pre-colonial migration in the Americas
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Energetic Path Finding Across Massive Terrain Data
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Ramón, A. G. M. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.07.09.548254 · Cited by 1
Cossey, M. (2007) · InSPIRe@Redlands (University of Redlands) · doi:10.26716/redlands/master/2007.4
TaRGeT: A Tactical Route Generation Tool for Determining an Off-Road Route
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Finding Good Paths: Applications of Least Cost Caloric Path Computations
Wood, Z. J., Hoffman, G. W., & Wazny, M. (2011) · DigitalCommons - CalPoly (California State Polytechnic University)
Self-citationWaschura, A. (2017) · DigitalCommons - CalPoly (California State Polytechnic University) · doi:10.15368/theses.2017.53
Mountains, rivers and ancestors: the Paiwan landscape and social memory
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A network for simulating pre-colonial migration in the Americas
Kaiping, G. A. (2021) · Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) · doi:10.5167/uzh-207468
Metadata
- Authors
- Wood, B. M., & Wood, Z. J.
- Affiliations
- California Polytechnic State University (US)
- Venue
- SPIE Proceedings
- Publisher
- SPIE
- Published
- 2006-01-15
- Volume
- 6060
- Pages
- 60600F
- ISSN
- 0277-786X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2321797739
- Cited by
- 32
- References
- 32
- Citations by year
- 2023: 1 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 2 · 2013: 1 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 23.57
- Type
- conference paper
- Language
- en
- Open access
- Locations
- Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE (publishedVersion)
- DigitalCommons - CalPoly (California State Polytechnic University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Archeology › Archaeological Research and Protection
- Social Sciences › Urban Studies › Urban Design and Spatial Analysis
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Archeology (arts and humanities) › Archaeological and Geological Studies
- Keywords
- terrain visualization, archaeological landscape, digital elevation model, resource acquisition, raw material procurement
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