Reducing unwanted trauma memories by imaginal exposure or autobiographical memory elaboration: An analogue study of memory processes
Open accessAbstract
Unwanted memories of traumatic events are a core symptom of post-traumatic stress disorder. A range of interventions including imaginal exposure and elaboration of the trauma memory in its autobiographical context are effective in reducing such unwanted memories. This study explored whether priming for stimuli that occur in the context of trauma and evaluative conditioning may play a role in the therapeutic effects of these procedures. Healthy volunteers (N = 122) watched analogue traumatic and neutral picture stories. They were then randomly allocated to 20 min of either imaginal exposure, autobiographical memory elaboration, or a control condition designed to prevent further processing of the picture stories. A blurred picture identification task showed that neutral objects that preceded traumatic pictures in the stories were subsequently more readily identified than those that had preceded neutral stories, indicating enhanced priming. There was also an evaluative conditioning effect in that participants disliked neutral objects that had preceded traumatic pictures more. Autobiographical memory elaboration reduced the enhanced priming effect. Both interventions reduced the evaluative conditioning effect. Imaginal exposure and autobiographical memory elaboration both reduced the frequency of subsequent unwanted memories of the picture stories.
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Changing the valence of distressing memories through either imaginal exposure or autobiographical memory elaboration neutralised the valence of trauma-associated cues and reduced subsequent intrusive memory frequency.
“changing the valence of distressing memories, through either imaginal exposure or autobiographical memory elaboration, also neutralised the valence of trauma-associated cues (i.e., evaluative conditioning effects) soon after traumatic picture stories, and reduced subsequent intrusive memory frequency (Ehlers, Mauchnik, & Handley, 2012).”
From Intrusive memories of trauma: A target for research bridging cognitive science and its clinical application (2019) · cites this paper as Ehlers, Mauchnik, & Handley, 2012
The Results (Perceptual priming task; Intrusion interviews) report that both interventions eliminated the difference in evaluations of cues from traumatic versus neutral stories and reduced unwanted memories at four weeks. But the Discussion says the cues were not rated neutrally: participants disliked objects from both kinds of stories. The paper also does not establish that changing the valence of the distressing memories caused these effects. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredSubsequent research has confirmed that memory elaboration has an effect on priming and is associated with a reduction in subsequent intrusive memories, although in this investigation elaboration increased priming of stimuli associated with neutral material rather than decreasing priming of stimuli associated with traumatic material.
“Subsequent research (Ehlers, Mauchnik, & Handley, 2012) has confirmed that memory elaboration has an effect on priming and is associated with a reduction in subsequent intrusive memories, although in this investigation elaboration increased priming of stimuli associated with neutral material rather than decreasing priming of stimuli associated with traumatic material.”
From Episodic memory, perceptual memory, and their interaction: Foundations for a theory of posttraumatic stress disorder. (2014) · cites this paper as Ehlers, Mauchnik, & Handley, 2012
Verbal elaboration and exposure had no effect on voluntary memory but decreased involuntary intrusive images.
“Elaboration and exposure had no effect on VM but decreased IVM ( p < .05)”
From Episodic memory, perceptual memory, and their interaction: Foundations for a theory of posttraumatic stress disorder. (2014) · cites this paper as Ehlers et al. (2012)
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- Authors
- Ehlers, A., Mauchnik, J., & Handley, R.
- Affiliations
- King's College London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Ehlers, Anke
- ORCID
- Ehlers, Anke
- Venue
- Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2012-12
- Volume
- 43
- Pages
- S67-S75
- ISSN
- 0005-7916 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3521124
- OpenAlex
- W2088581057
- Cited by
- 27
- References
- 50
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2024: 3 · 2021: 1 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 2.11
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust (069777)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Identity, Memory, and Therapy
- Keywords
- post-traumatic stress disorder, imaginal exposure, evaluative conditioning, priming, memory reconsolidation, exposure therapy
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Conditioning, Psychological, Female, Humans, Life Change Events, Male, Surveys and Questionnaires, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Imagery, Psychotherapy, Recognition, Psychology, Repetition Priming, Memory, Episodic
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