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Cited by 29Suicide and Self-Harm StudiesDeath Anxiety and Social ExclusionAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes

Individuals with current suicidal ideation demonstrate implicit “fearlessness of death”

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Hussey, I., Barnes-Holmes, D., Booth, R.·2016·Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry
DOI 10.1016/j.jbtep.2015.11.003
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Abstract

Background and objectives Suicidal behaviour has proved to be difficult to predict, due in part to the particular limitations of introspection within suicidality. In an effort to overcome this, recent research has demonstrated the utility of indirect measures of "implicit" attitudes within the study of suicidality. However, research to date has focused predominantly on implicit self-evaluations and self-death associations. No work has examined implicit evaluations of death, despite the theoretical importance of such evaluations; "fearlessness of death" is central to both the Interpersonal Theory of Suicide and the Integrated Motivational-Volitional model of suicide..Methods Twenty-three psychiatric patients with current suicidal ideation and twenty-five normative university students completed two versions of the Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure (IRAP) that targeted evaluations of death. One task specified personal death (i.e., was self-focused) and the other targeted death in the abstract.Results Self-focused evaluations of death reliably distinguished between the two groups, correctly classifying 74% of cases, but evaluations of death in the abstract did not. The suicidal group produced specific biases indicating a rejection of the negativity of death. Results are consistent with the definition of suicidality as involving a self-focused wish to die..Limitations For ethical reason, suicidal behaviours were not assessed in the normative group. Groups were therefore not mutually exclusive. This may have decreased the specificity of the IRAP.Conclusions Suicidal ideation is associated with an implicit "fearlessness of death". The utility of implicit death-evaluations should therefore be considered alongside self-evaluations and self-death associations in the future..

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  • D-IRAP and S-AMP have demonstrated similar patterns of implicit death-related cognitions in those with a history of STBs.

    “Related paradigms such as the Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure (D-IRAP) (Barnes-Holmes et al., 2010; Hussey et al., 2016) and the Suicide Affect Misattribution Procedure (S-AMP) (Tucker et al., 2018) have demonstrated similar patterns of implicit death-related cognitions in those with a history of STBs (Hussey et al., 2016; Wells et al., 2020).”

    From Toward objective characterizations of suicide risk: A narrative review of laboratory-based cognitive and behavioral tasks (2023) · cites this paper as Hussey et al., 2016

    The Methods (§2.2.5) describe death-evaluation IRAPs, and the Results (§3.2) report a distinct ‘my death-not-negative’ bias in participants with current suicidal ideation. The paper does not test the S-AMP or establish that the two paradigms show similar patterns. Its finding concerns current ideation, although some participants also had a history of suicidal thoughts or behaviours (§3.1). (LLM, conf=0.86)

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Research works printed but not linked: 2

  1. [3]3. Beck, A. T., Rush, A. J., Shaw, B. F., & Emery, G. (1979). Cognitive therapy of depression. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
  2. [35]35. Hussey, I., & Barnes-Holmes, D. (2015, June 22). Implicit measures and suicidal behavior: A systematic review. Manuscript submitted for publication.

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Authors
Hussey, I., Barnes-Holmes, D., & Booth, R.
Affiliations
  • Ghent University (BE)
  • St. Patrick's Hospital (IE)
Corresponding author
Hussey, I.
ORCID
Hussey, I.
Venue
Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2016-06
Volume
51
Pages
1-9
ISSN
0005-7916 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.jbtep.2015.11.003
OpenAlex
W2172958857
Cited by
29
References
77
Citations by year
2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 2
FWCI
2.48
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Ghent University Academic Bibliography (Ghent University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
  • Bern Open Repository and Information System (University of Bern) (submittedVersion)
Funders
Irish Research Council
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Suicide and Self-Harm Studies
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Keywords
suicidal ideation, implicit attitudes, Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure, interpersonal theory of suicide, integrated motivational-volitional model, psychiatric patients, suicide risk prediction
MeSH terms
Analysis of Variance, Attitude to Death, Fear, Female, Humans, Male, Predictive Value of Tests, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, ROC Curve, Students, Universities, Mood Disorders, Suicidal Ideation, Diagnostic Self Evaluation

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