Implicit social cognition: from measures to mechanisms

Nosek, Brian A.; Hawkins, Carlee Beth; Frazier, Rebecca S.

doi:10.1016/j.tics.2011.01.005

Cited by 580Social and Intergroup PsychologyPsychological Testing and AssessmentDeception detection and forensic psychology

Implicit social cognition: from measures to mechanisms

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Nosek, Brian A., Hawkins, Carlee Beth, Frazier, Rebecca S.·2011·Trends in Cognitive Sciences

DOI 10.1016/j.tics.2011.01.005PMC PMC3073696

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Abstract

Most human cognition occurs outside conscious awareness or conscious control. Some of these implicit processes influence social perception, judgment and action. The past 15 years of research in implicit social cognition can be characterized as the Age of Measurement because of a proliferation of measurement methods and research evidence demonstrating their practical value for predicting human behavior. Implicit measures assess constructs that are distinct, but related, to self-report assessments, and predict variation in behavior that is not accounted for by those explicit measures. The present state of knowledge provides a foundation for the next age of implicit social cognition: clarification of the mechanisms underlying implicit measurement and how the measured constructs influence behavior.

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Humans are generally unaware of their implicit cognitions or attitudes and therefore not able to adequately report on them.
“Humans are generally unaware of their implicit cognitions or attitudes, and therefore not be able to adequately report on them.”
From Human- versus Artificial Intelligence (2021) · cites this paper as Nosek et al. (2011)
In “The Mind Beyond What Is Self-Reported” (page not provided), Nosek says some mental content may be inaccessible to introspection and that self-report accuracy is uncertain. The paper does not say people are generally unaware of their implicit attitudes or therefore unable to report them adequately; it explicitly allows that self-report can be accurate and identifies other limits on reporting. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Like our own brains, artificial neural networks are fundamentally intransparent.
“Like our own brains, artificial neural networks are fundamentally intransparant (Nosek et al., 2011; Feldman-Barret, 2017).”
From Human- versus Artificial Intelligence (2021) · cites this paper as Nosek et al., 2011
In “The Mind Beyond What Is Self-Reported” (page not provided), the paper says that only a small portion of brain activity is available to consciousness, supporting the point about limited insight into our own minds. It does not address whether artificial neural networks are intransparent, so it does not support the comparison. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

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Judd, C. M., & Kulik, J. A. (1980) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.38.4.569 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
COMMENTARIES: Attributions of Implicit Prejudice, or "Would Jesse Jackson 'Fail' the Implicit Association Test?"
Banaji, M. R., Nosek, B. A., & Greenwald, A. G. (2004) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1207/s15327965pli1504_02 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
The sorting paired features task: a measure of association strengths.
Bar-Anan, Y., Nosek, B., & Vianello, M. (2009) · Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1027/1618-3169.56.5.329 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Implicit Social Cognition and Law
Lane, K. A., Kang, J., & Banaji, M. R. (2007) · Annual Review of Law and Social Science · doi:10.1146/annurev.lawsocsci.3.081806.112748 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Accessibility Effects on Implicit Social Cognition: The Role of Knowledge Activation and Retrieval Experiences.
Gawronski, B., & Bodenhausen, G. V. (2005) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.89.5.672 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Specific predictive power of automatic spider-related affective associations for controllable and uncontrollable fear responses toward spiders
Huijding, J., & de Jong, P. J. (2005) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2005.01.007 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Minimizing Method-Specific Variance in the IAT
Teige‐Mocigemba, S., Klauer, K. C., & Rothermund, K. (2008) · European Journal of Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1027/1015-5759.24.4.237 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
14. Prediction of behavior
Perugini, M., Richetin, J., & Zogmaister, C. (2010) · BOA (University of Milano-Bicocca) · Cited by 75 · see citing works
What Makes Mental Associations Personal or Extra‐Personal? Conceptual Issues in the Methodological Debate about Implicit Attitude Measures
Gawronski, B., Peters, K. R., & LeBel, E. P. (2008) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/j.1751-9004.2008.00085.x · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Faulty assumptions: A comment on Blanton, Jaccard, Gonzales, and Christie (2006).
Nosek, B. A., & Sriram, N. (2007) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2006.10.018 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Indirectly measuring evaluations of several attitude objects in relation to a neutral reference point
Brendl, C. M., Markman, A. B., & Messner, C. (2004) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2004.07.006 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
The Impact of Regulatory Focus on the Effects of Two-Sided Advertising
Florack, A., Ineichen, S., & Bieri, R. (2009) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.2009.27.1.37 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
(Part of) the case for a pragmatic approach to validity: Comment on De Houwer, Teige-Mocigemba, Spruyt, and Moors (2009).
Nosek, B. A., & Greenwald, A. G. (2009) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0015047 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
29. Implicit political cognition
Nosek, B. A., Graham, J., & Hawkins, C. B. (2010) · Dialnet (Universidad de la Rioja) · Cited by 49 · see citing works
21. Two faces of self-esteem: implicit and explicit forms of self-esteem
Zeigler‐Hill, V., & Jordan, C. H. (2010) · Dialnet (Universidad de la Rioja) · Cited by 43 · see citing works
22. The self-concept: new insights from implicit measurement procedures
Schnabel, K., & Asendorpf, J. B. (2010) · Dialnet (Universidad de la Rioja) · Cited by 40 · see citing works
9. Mathematical modeling of implicit social cognition: the machine in the ghost
Sherman, J. W., Klauer, K. C., & Allen, T. J. (2010) · eScholarship (California Digital Library) · Cited by 36 · see citing works
28. Implicit social cognition and indirect measures in consumer behavior
Perkins, A. W., & Forehand, M. (2010) · Dialnet (Universidad de la Rioja) · Cited by 16 · see citing works
26. Clinical applications of implicit social cognition theories and methods
Teachman, B. A., Cody, M. W., & Clerkin, E. M. (2010) · Dialnet (Universidad de la Rioja) · Cited by 15 · see citing works
The Breadth–Based Adjective Rating Task (BART) as an Indirect Measure of Self–Esteem
Karpinski, A., Steinberg, J. A., Versek, B., & Alloy, L. B. (2007) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.2007.25.6.778 · Cited by 14 · see citing works

Flagged first, then by citations

6 of the 128 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Sorted by citations

Executive functions and self-regulation
Hofmann, W., Schmeichel, B. J., & Baddeley, A. D. (2012) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2012.01.006 · Cited by 1,965 · see citing works
Development and Validation of a Self-Report Measure of Mentalizing: The Reflective Functioning Questionnaire
Fonagy, P., Luyten, P., Moulton-Perkins, A., Lee, Y.-W., Warren, F., Howard, S., Ghinai, R., Fearon, P., & Lowyck, B. (2016) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0158678 · Cited by 754 · see citing works
“Research confirms that assessments of RF and social cognition more generally are particularly vulnerable to this limitation [29].”
Background
A meta-analysis of procedures to change implicit measures
Forscher, P. S., Lai, C. K., Axt, J. R., Ebersole, C. R., Herman, M., Devine, P. G., & Nosek, B. A. (2019) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspa0000160 · Cited by 700 · see citing works
Human- versus Artificial Intelligence
Korteling, J. E. (., van de Boer-Visschedijk, G. C., Blankendaal, R. A. M., Boonekamp, R. C., & Eikelboom, A. R. (2021) · Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.3389/frai.2021.622364 · Cited by 619 · see citing works
“It is therefore rather dif ﬁ cult for many humans to introspectively analyze their mental states, as far as these are conscious, and attach the results of this analysis to verbal labels and descriptions, (e.g. Nosek et al. (2011).”
Background
Nonconscious processes and health.
Sheeran, P., Gollwitzer, P. M., & Bargh, J. A. (2013) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0029203 · Cited by 579 · see citing works
Health Care Providers' Implicit and Explicit Attitudes Toward Lesbian Women and Gay Men.
Sabin, J., Riskind, R. G., & Nosek, B. A. (2015) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2015.302631 · Cited by 400 · see citing works
Women’s representation in science predicts national gender-science stereotypes: Evidence from 66 nations.
Miller, D. I., Eagly, A. H., & Linn, M. C. (2015) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/edu0000005 · Cited by 499 · see citing works
Implicit Measures in Social and Personality Psychology
Gawronski, B., & Houwer, J. D. (2014) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511996481.016 · Cited by 459 · see citing works
Measures of racism, sexism, heterosexism, and gender binarism for health equity research: from structural injustice to embodied harm—An ecosocial analysis
Krieger, N. (2020) · Annual Review of Public Health · doi:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040119-094017 · Cited by 411 · see citing works
Toward a formalized account of attitudes: The Causal Attitude Network (CAN) model.
Dalege, J., Borsboom, D., van Harreveld, F., van den Berg, H., Conner, M. T., & van der Maas, H. L. J. (2015) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/a0039802 · Cited by 376 · see citing works
Automaticity in social-cognitive processes
Bargh, J. A., Schwader, K., Hailey, S. E., Dyer, R., & Boothby, E. J. (2012) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2012.10.002 · Cited by 378 · see citing works
Scientific Utopia: I. Opening Scientific Communication
Nosek, B. A., & Bar‐Anan, Y. (2012) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1080/1047840x.2012.692215 · Cited by 366 · see citing works
Implicit Leadership and Followership Theories “in the wild”: Taking stock of information-processing approaches to leadership and followership in organizational settings
Epitropaki, O., Sy, T., Martin, R., Tram, S., & Topakas, A. (2013) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2013.10.005 · Cited by 356 · see citing works
Implicit and Explicit Anti-Fat Bias among a Large Sample of Medical Doctors by BMI, Race/Ethnicity and Gender
Sabin, J. A., Marini, M., & Nosek, B. A. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0048448 · Cited by 439 · see citing works
A comparative investigation of seven indirect attitude measures
Bar-Anan, Y., & Nosek, B. A. (2013) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-013-0410-6 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Opening the Black Box of “Not Invented Here”: Attitudes, Decision Biases, and Behavioral Consequences
Antons, D., & Piller, F. T. (2015) · Academy of Management Perspectives · doi:10.5465/amp.2013.0091 · Cited by 289 · see citing works
Implicit Social Cognition
Greenwald, A. G., & Lai, C. K. (2020) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-010419-050837 · Cited by 364 · see citing works
Essentials of a Theory of Language Cognition
Ellis, N. C. (2019) · Modern Language Journal · doi:10.1111/modl.12532 · Cited by 308 · see citing works
The Motivational Foundation of Learning Languages Other Than Global English: Theoretical Issues and Research Directions
DÖRNYEI, Z., & AL‐HOORIE, A. H. (2017) · The Modern Language Journal · doi:10.1111/modl.12408 · Cited by 318 · see citing works
The Palgrave Handbook of Motivation for Language Learning
Lamb, M., Csizér, K., Henry, A., & Ryan, S. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-28380-3 · Cited by 255 · see citing works
Awareness of implicit attitudes.
Hahn, A., Judd, C. M., Hirsh, H. K., & Blair, I. V. (2014) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · doi:10.1037/a0035028 · Cited by 414 · see citing works
Implicit Social Cognitions Predict Sex Differences in Math Engagement and Achievement
Nosek, B. A., & Smyth, F. L. (2011) · American Educational Research Journal · doi:10.3102/0002831211410683 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
Non-conscious processes in changing health-related behaviour: a conceptual analysis and framework
Hollands, G. J., Marteau, T. M., & Fletcher, P. C. (2016) · Health Psychology Review · doi:10.1080/17437199.2015.1138093 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
Reducing Implicit Prejudice
Lai, C. K., Hoffman, K. M., & Nosek, B. A. (2013) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/spc3.12023 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
The Affect Misattribution Procedure: Ten Years of Evidence on Reliability, Validity, and Mechanisms
Payne, K., & Lundberg, K. B. (2014) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/spc3.12148 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Teachers’ Bias Against the Mathematical Ability of Female, Black, and Hispanic Students
Copur‐Gencturk, Y., Cimpian, J. R., Lubienski, S. T., & Thacker, I. (2019) · Educational Researcher · doi:10.3102/0013189x19890577 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
Implicit and Explicit Racial Attitudes Changed During Black Lives Matter
Sawyer, J., & Gampa, A. (2018) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167218757454 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Implicit? What Do You Mean? A Comprehensive Review of the Delusive Implicitness Construct in Attitude Research
Corneille, O., & Hütter, M. (2020) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/1088868320911325 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Facets of emotional awareness and associations with emotion regulation and depression.
Boden, M. T., & Thompson, R. J. (2015) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000057 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Virtually old: Embodied perspective taking and the reduction of ageism under threat
Oh, S. Y., Bailenson, J. N., Weisz, E., & Zaki, J. (2016) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2016.02.007 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
The Rules of Implicit Evaluation by Race, Religion, and Age
Axt, J. R., Ebersole, C. R., & Nosek, B. A. (2014) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797614543801 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Impression management and food intake. Current directions in research
Vartanian, L. R. (2014) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2014.08.021 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Intergroup Perception and Cognition
Kawakami, K., Amodio, D. M., & Hugenberg, K. (2017) · Advances in experimental social psychology · doi:10.1016/bs.aesp.2016.10.001 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Math–gender stereotypes and math-related beliefs in childhood and early adolescence
Passolunghi, M. C., Ferreira, T. I. R., & Tomasetto, C. (2014) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2014.05.005 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Do Physicians' Implicit Views of African Americans Affect Clinical Decision Making?
Oliver, M. N., Wells, K. M., Joy-Gaba, J. A., Hawkins, C. B., & Nosek, B. A. (2014) · The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine · doi:10.3122/jabfm.2014.02.120314 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Self-citation
Implicit and Explicit Body Representations
Longo, M. R. (2014) · European Psychologist · doi:10.1027/1016-9040/a000198 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Gender differences in implicit and explicit personality traits
Vianello, M., Schnabel, K., Sriram, N., & Nosek, B. A. (2013) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2013.08.008 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Implicit measures of teachers' attitudes and stereotypes, and their effects on teacher practice and student outcomes: A review
Denessen, E. J. P. G., Hornstra, L., van den Bergh, L., & Bijlstra, G. (2020) · Learning and Instruction · doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2020.101437 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Understanding and Using the Brief Implicit Association Test: Recommended Scoring Procedures
Nosek, B. A., Bar-Anan, Y., Sriram, N., Axt, J., & Greenwald, A. G. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0110938 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
“Dual-process and dual-system perspectives in attitudes research presume that implicit and explicit attitudes are distinct constructs – the former measured indirectly with procedures like the BIAT, the latter measured directly with selfreport procedures (see [5-6] for a review).”
Method
A Multilevel Perspective on the Development of Borderline Personality Disorder
Fonagy, P., & Luyten, P. (2016) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119125556.devpsy317 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Implicit measures of “wanting” and “liking” in humans
Tibboel, H., Houwer, J. D., & Bockstaele, B. V. (2015) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.09.015 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
A review of implicit and explicit substance self-concept as a predictor of alcohol and tobacco use and misuse
Lindgren, K. P., Neighbors, C., Gasser, M. L., Ramirez, J. J., & Cvencek, D. (2017) · The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse · doi:10.1080/00952990.2016.1229324 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
The relational responding task: toward a new implicit measure of beliefs
Houwer, J. D., Heider, N., Spruyt, A., Roets, A., & Hughes, S. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00319 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Is Implicit Prejudice against Blacks Politically Consequential? Evidence from the AMP
Kalmoe, N. P., & Piston, S. (2013) · Public Opinion Quarterly · doi:10.1093/poq/nfs051 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Ascribing emotions to robots: Explicit and implicit attribution of emotions and perceived robot anthropomorphism
Spatola, N., & Wudarczyk, O. A. (2021) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2021.106934 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Consequences of attributing discrimination to implicit vs. explicit bias
Daumeyer, N. M., Onyeador, I. N., Brown, X., & Richeson, J. A. (2019) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2019.04.010 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Reporting Intentional Rating of the Primes Predicts Priming Effects in the Affective Misattribution Procedure
Bar‐Anan, Y., & Nosek, B. A. (2012) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167212446835 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Holding on to our functional roots when exploring new intellectual islands: A voyage through implicit cognition research
Hughes, S., Barnes‐Holmes, D., & Vahey, N. A. (2012) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2012.09.003 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Human Cognition Through the Lens of Social Engineering Cyberattacks
Montañez, R., Golob, E., & Xu, S. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01755 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Overweight People Have Low Levels of Implicit Weight Bias, but Overweight Nations Have High Levels of Implicit Weight Bias
Marini, M., Sriram, N., Schnabel, K., Maliszewski, N., Devos, T., Ekehammar, B., Wiers, R. W. H. J., HuaJian, C., Somogyi, M., Shiomura, K., et al. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0083543 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Measuring Automatic Cognition: Advancing Dual-Process Research in Sociology
Miles, A., Charron-Chénier, R., & Schleifer, C. (2019) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.1177/0003122419832497 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
What Drives Priming Effects in the Affect Misattribution Procedure?
Gawronski, B., & Ye, Y. (2014) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167213502548 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Developing an implicit measure of disgust propensity and disgust sensitivity: Examining the role of implicit disgust propensity and sensitivity in obsessive-compulsive tendencies
Nicholson, E., & Barnes‐Holmes, Y. (2012) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2012.02.001 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Implicit affect primes effort: A theory and research on cardiovascular response
Gendolla, G. H. E. (2012) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2012.05.003 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
A meta-analysis of criterion effects for the Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure (IRAP) in the clinical domain
Vahey, N. A., Nicholson, E., & Barnes-Holmes, D. (2015) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2015.01.004 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Psychophysiological prediction of choice: relevance to insight and drug addiction
Moeller, S. J., Hajcak, G., Parvaz, M. A., Dunning, J. P., Volkow, N. D., & Goldstein, R. Z. (2012) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/aws252 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Machine Learning and Virtual Reality on Body Movements’ Behaviors to Classify Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Alcañíz, M., Marín‐Morales, J., Minissi, M. E., Garcia, G. T., Abad, L., & Giglioli, I. A. C. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm9051260 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Levels of stigma among community mental health staff in Guangzhou, China
Li, J., Li, J., Thornicroft, G., & Huang, Y. (2014) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-014-0231-x · Cited by 92 · see citing works
The Historical Perspectives of Stereotypes on African-American Males
Taylor, E., Guy-Walls, P., Wilkerson, P. A., & Addae, R. (2019) · Journal of Human Rights and Social Work · doi:10.1007/s41134-019-00096-y · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Theorizing Moral Cognition: Culture in Action, Situations, and Relationships
Luft, A. (2020) · Socius Sociological Research for a Dynamic World · doi:10.1177/2378023120916125 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Implicit Racial Biases in Preschool Children and Adults From Asia and Africa
Qian, M. K., Heyman, G. D., Quinn, P. C., Messi, F. A., Fu, G., & Lee, K. (2015) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.12442 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
An Inkblot for the Implicit Assessment of Personality: The Semantic Misattribution Procedure
Sava, F., MaricuΤoiu, L. P., Rusu, S., Macsinga, I., Vîrgă, D., Cheng, C., & Payne, B. (2012) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.1861 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
The affect misattribution procedure: Hot or not?
Blaison, C., Imhoff, R., Hühnel, I., Heß, U., & Banse, R. (2012) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0026907 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Implicit Preferences for Straight People over Lesbian Women and Gay Men Weakened from 2006 to 2013
Westgate, E. C., Riskind, R. G., & Nosek, B. A. (2015) · Collabra · doi:10.1525/collabra.18 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
A dual process perspective on advances in cognitive science and alcohol use disorder
Lindgren, K. P., Hendershot, C. S., Ramirez, J. J., Bernat, E. M., Rangel‐Gomez, M., Peterson, K. P., & Murphy, J. G. (2018) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2018.04.002 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
What about the Male Victims? Exploring the Impact of Gender Stereotyping on Implicit Attitudes and Behavioural Intentions Associated with Intimate Partner Violence
Bates, E. A., Kaye, L. K., Pennington, C. R., & Hamlin, I. (2019) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-018-0949-x · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Application of Supervised Machine Learning for Behavioral Biomarkers of Autism Spectrum Disorder Based on Electrodermal Activity and Virtual Reality
Alcañíz, M., Giglioli, I. A. C., Marín‐Morales, J., Higuera-Trujillo, J. L., Olmos-Raya, E., Minissi, M. E., Garcia, G. T., Sirera, M., & Abad, L. (2020) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2020.00090 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Towards a new linguistic-cognitive orientation in translation studies
House, J. (2013) · Target International Journal of Translation Studies · doi:10.1075/target.25.1.05hou · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Modeling stimulus variation in three common implicit attitude tasks
Wolsiefer, K., Westfall, J., & Judd, C. M. (2017) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-016-0779-0 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
The impact of explicit and implicit teacher beliefs on reports of inclusive teaching practices in Scotland
Wilson, C., Woolfson, L., & Durkin, K. (2019) · International Journal of Inclusive Education · doi:10.1080/13603116.2019.1658813 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Invalid Claims About the Validity of Implicit Association Tests by Prisoners of the Implicit Social-Cognition Paradigm
Schimmack, U. (2021) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691621991860 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Probing the implicit suicidal mind: Does the Death/Suicide Implicit Association Test reveal a desire to die, or a diminished desire to live?
Harrison, D. P., Stritzke, W. G. K., Fay, N., Ellison, T. M., & Hudaib, A. (2014) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/pas0000001 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Effects of and attention to graphic warning labels on cigarette packages
Süssenbach, P., Niemeier, S., & Glock, S. (2013) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/08870446.2013.799161 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Hospital cultural competency as a systematic organizational intervention
Weech-Maldonado, R. J., Dreachslin, J. L., Epané, J. P., Gail, J., Gupta, S. R., & Wainio, J. A. (2016) · Health Care Management Review · doi:10.1097/hmr.0000000000000128 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Assessment of the Autism Spectrum Disorder Based on Machine Learning and Social Visual Attention: A Systematic Review
Minissi, M. E., Giglioli, I. A. C., Mantovani, F., & Alcañíz, M. (2021) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-021-05106-5 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
The Socio-Moral Image Database (SMID): A novel stimulus set for the study of social, moral and affective processes
Crone, D., Bode, S., Murawski, C., & Laham, S. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0190954 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Epistemic Contextualism: An Idle Hypothesis
Turri, J. (2016) · Australasian Journal of Philosophy · doi:10.1080/00048402.2016.1153684 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Don't look at my wheelchair! The plasticity of longlasting prejudice
Galli, G., Lenggenhager, B., Scivoletto, G., Molinari, M., & Pazzaglia, M. (2015) · Medical Education · doi:10.1111/medu.12834 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Living sustainability, or merely pretending? From explicit self-report measures to implicit cognition
Steiner, G., Geißler, B., Schreder, G., & Zenk, L. (2018) · Sustainability Science · doi:10.1007/s11625-018-0561-6 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Robot’s Gendering Trouble: A Scoping Review of Gendering Humanoid Robots and Its Effects on HRI
Perugia, G., & Lisy, D. (2023) · International Journal of Social Robotics · doi:10.1007/s12369-023-01061-6 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Do People Have Reproductive Goals? Constructive Preferences and the Discovery of Desired Family Size
Bhrolcháin, M. N., & Beaujouan, É. (2019) · The Springer Series on Demographic Methods and Population Analysis · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-93227-9_3 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
The Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure: Emerging reliability and validity data
Moghaddam, N. G., Hart, A. J. P., & Dawson, D. L. (2013) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2013.05.002 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Implicit Social Cognition
Nosek, B. A., Hawkins, C. B., & Frazier, R. S. (2012) · SAGE Publications Ltd eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781446247631.n3 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Clocking the social mind by identifying mental processes in the IAT with electrical neuroimaging
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Authors: Nosek, B. A., Hawkins, C. B., & Frazier, R. S.
Affiliations: University of Virginia (US)
Corresponding author: Nosek, Brian A.
ORCID: Nosek, Brian A.
Hawkins, Carlee Beth
Venue: Trends in Cognitive Sciences
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2011-04
Volume: 15
Issue: 4
Pages: 152-159
ISSN: 1364-6613 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2011.01.005
PMC: PMC3073696
OpenAlex: W2088840132
Cited by: 578
References: 128
Citations by year: 2026: 20 · 2025: 25 · 2024: 34 · 2023: 44 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 52 · 2020: 46 · 2019: 57 · 2018: 50 · 2017: 31 · 2016: 53 · 2015: 45 · 2014: 26 · 2013: 32 · 2012: 34
FWCI: 16.80
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Trends in Cognitive Sciences (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: National Institute on Aging (R21AG033862)
Topics: Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Deception detection and forensic psychology
Keywords: implicit social cognition, implicit measures, implicit processing, social perception, social judgment, behavior prediction, self-report measures, measurement mechanism
MeSH terms: Awareness, Cognition, Consciousness, Humans, Models, Psychological, Neuropsychological Tests, Social Behavior, Weights and Measures, Self Report

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Implicit social cognition: from measures to mechanisms

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