Do sleep disturbances and psychotic-like experiences in adolescence share genetic and environmental influences?
Open accessAbstract
Sleep disturbances regularly co-occur with clinical psychotic disorders and dimensions of psychotic-like experiences (PLEs). One possible explanation for this, which has yet to be tested, is that similar genetic or environmental influences underlie sleep disturbances and vulnerability to PLEs. We conducted a twin study to test this possibility in relation to sleep disturbances and six specific PLEs in adolescence in the general population. Approximately 5,000 16-year-old twin pairs completed the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and Insomnia Severity Index. PLEs were assessed using the Specific PLEs Questionnaire, comprising five self-report subscales (Paranoia, Hallucinations, Cognitive Disorganization, Grandiosity, and Anhedonia) and one parent-report subscale (Negative Symptoms). The associations between these measures were tested using structural equation twin model fitting. Paranoia, Hallucinations, and Cognitive Disorganization displayed moderate and significant correlations with both sleep measures (0.32-.42), while Negative Symptoms, Anhedonia, and Grandiosity showed lower correlations (0.01-0.17). Genetic and environmental influences significantly overlapped across PLEs (Paranoia, Hallucinations, Cognitive Disorganization) and both types of sleep disturbance (mean genetic and nonshared environmental correlations = 0.54 and 0.24, respectively). These estimates reduced, yet remained significant, after controlling for negative affect. The association between PLEs with sleep disturbances in adolescence is partly due to genetic and environmental influences that are common to them both. These findings indicate that the known neurobiology of sleep disturbance may provide clues regarding the causes of PLEs in adolescence.
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In a cross-sectional study of 5,000 16-year-old twin pairs, paranoia, hallucinations and cognitive disorganisation all demonstrated a strong association with sleep dysfunction variables.
“Five thousand 16-year old twin pairs completed self-report assessments for insomnia symptoms, subjective sleep quality, paranoia, hallucinations, cognitive disorganisation, grandiosity, anhedonia, and (parent rated) negative symptoms. The latter three factors were found to only have mild covariance with the sleep measures, but paranoia, hallucinations and cognitive disorganisation all demonstrated”
From The role of sleep dysfunction in the occurrence of delusions and hallucinations: A systematic review (2015) · cites this paper as Taylor, Gregory, Freeman, & Ronald, 2015
The Abstract describes approximately 5,000 16-year-old twin pairs, and the Discussion confirms the data were cross-sectional. The Results (Phenotypic Analyses) report significant correlations between paranoia, hallucinations, cognitive disorganization and both sleep measures, but call them moderate (r = 0.32–0.42), not strong. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe relationships between sleep dysfunction and psychotic experiences reduced but remained significant after controlling for negative affect.
“These relationships reduced, but again remained significant, after controlling for negative affect.”
From The role of sleep dysfunction in the occurrence of delusions and hallucinations: A systematic review (2015) · cites this paper as Taylor, Gregory, Freeman, & Ronald, 2015
Modelling of genetic, environmental, and non-shared environment influences on sleep and psychotic experience phenotypes demonstrated an aetiological overlap (shared genetic and environmental mechanisms).
“Further analysis utilising modelling of genetic, environmental, and non-shared environment influences on the sleep and psychotic experience phenotypes demonstrated an aetiological overlap (i.e. shared genetic and environmental mechanisms).”
From The role of sleep dysfunction in the occurrence of delusions and hallucinations: A systematic review (2015) · cites this paper as Taylor, Gregory, Freeman, & Ronald, 2015
Paranoia and hallucinations have the strongest links with insomnia.
“Paranoia and hallucinations have the strongest links with insomnia.2, 7, 8”
From The effects of improving sleep on mental health (OASIS): a randomised controlled trial with mediation analysis (2017) · cites this paper as [7]
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- Authors
- Taylor, M. J., Gregory, A. M., Freeman, D., & Ronald, A.
- Affiliations
- Birkbeck, University of London (GB)
- Goldsmiths University of London (GB)
- University of Oxford (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Ronald, Angelica
- Venue
- Journal of Abnormal Psychology
- Published
- 2015-08
- Volume
- 124
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 674-684
- ISSN
- 0021-843X (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1846
- PMC
- PMC4532318
- OpenAlex
- W1760155583
- Cited by
- 85
- References
- 55
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 17.07
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Abnormal Psychology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- BIROn (Birkbeck, University of London) (acceptedVersion)
- Goldsmiths Research Online (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- United Kingdom Medical Research Council (G1100559)
- Medical Research Council
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Keywords
- sleep disorders, psychotic-like experiences, adolescence, genetic factors, environmental influences, twin studies, insomnia, paranoia, hallucinations, cognitive disorganization, grandiosity, anhedonia, negative symptoms, shared environment, nonshared environment, negative affect
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Diseases in Twins, Female, Hallucinations, Humans, Male, Paranoid Disorders, Psychotic Disorders, Surveys and Questionnaires, Sleep Wake Disorders, Twins, Self Report, Anhedonia
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