Mood, anxiety and psychotic phenomena measure a common psychopathological factor
Abstract
Background: Psychotic phenomena are common in the general population but are excluded from diagnostic criteria for mild to moderate depression and anxiety despite their co-occurrence and shared risk factors. We used item response theory modelling to examine whether the co-occurrence of depressive, anxiety and psychotic phenomena is best explained by: (1) a single underlying factor; (2) two separate, uncorrelated factors; (3) two separate yet linked factors; or (4) two separate domains along with an underlying ‘common mental distress’ (CMD) factor. We defined where, along any latent continuum, the psychopathological items contributed most information. Method: We performed a secondary analysis of cross-sectional, item-level information from measures of depression, anxiety and psychotic experiences in 6617 participants aged 13 years from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) birth cohort and 977 participants aged 18 years from the ROOTS schools-based sample. We replicated results from one sample in the other and validated the latent factors against an earlier parental measure of mental state. Results: In both cohorts depression, anxiety and psychotic items were best represented as a bi-factor model with a single, unitary CMD factor on which psychotic items conveyed information about the more severe end (model 4); residual variation remained for psychotic items. The CMD factor was significantly associated with the prior parental measure. Conclusions: Psychotic phenomena co-occur with depression and anxiety in teenagers and may be a marker of severity in a single, unitary dimension of CMD. Psychotic phenomena should be routinely included in epidemiological assessments of psychiatric morbidity, otherwise the most severe symptomatology remains unmeasured.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Psychosis is associated with a range of different psychiatric disorders.
“As well as offering a purer assessment of the emergence of psychotic experiences, this approach is inspired by growing evidence suggesting that psychosis lies on a continuum with normality (19,20) and is associated with a range of different psychiatric disorders (15,21).”
From Shift toward prior knowledge confers a perceptual advantage in early psychosis and psychosis-prone healthy individuals (2015) · cites this paper as [21]
Cites
A new look at the statistical model identification
Akaike, H. (1974) · IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control · doi:10.1109/tac.1974.1100705 · Cited by 51,879 · see citing works
The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale
Zigmond, A. S., & Snaith, R. P. (1983) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1983.tb09716.x · Cited by 47,139 · see citing works
Estimating the Dimension of a Model
Schwarz, G. (1978) · The Annals of Statistics · doi:10.1214/aos/1176344136 · Cited by 47,033 · see citing works
The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire: A research note
Goodman, R. (1997) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1997.tb01545.x · Cited by 14,908 · see citing works
Kass, R. E., & Raftery, A. E. (1995) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.1080/01621459.1995.10476572 · Cited by 12,558 · see citing works
KESSLER, R. C., ANDREWS, G., COLPE, L. J., HIRIPI, E., MROCZEK, D. K., NORMAND, S.-L. T., WALTERS, E. E., & ZASLAVSKY, A. M. (2002) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291702006074 · Cited by 10,327 · see citing works
"General Intelligence," Objectively Determined and Measured
Spearman, C. (1904) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/1412107 · Cited by 6,207 · see citing works
A scaled version of the General Health Questionnaire
Goldberg, D. P., & Hillier, V. F. (1979) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291700021644 · Cited by 5,494 · see citing works
SHAFFER, D., FISHER, P., LUCAS, C. P., DULCAN, M. K., & SCHWAB-STONE, M. E. (2000) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-200001000-00014 · Cited by 3,505 · see citing works
(2013) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(12)62129-1 · Cited by 3,010 · see citing works
Boyd, A., Golding, J., Macleod, J., Lawlor, D. A., Fraser, A., Henderson, J., Molloy, L., Ness, A., Ring, S., & Davey Smith, G. (2013) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dys064 · Cited by 2,996 · see citing works
Application of model-selection criteria to some problems in multivariate analysis
Sclove, S. L. (1987) · Psychometrika · doi:10.1007/bf02294360 · Cited by 2,541 · see citing works
Cohort Profile: The Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children: ALSPAC mothers cohort
Fraser, A., Macdonald-Wallis, C., Tilling, K., Boyd, A., Golding, J., Davey Smith, G., Henderson, J., Macleod, J., Molloy, L., Ness, A., et al. (2013) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dys066 · Cited by 2,494 · see citing works
The p Factor: One General Psychopathology Factor in the Structure of Psychiatric Disorders?
Caspi, A., Houts, R. M., Belsky, D. W., Goldman-Mellor, S. J., Harrington, H., Israel, S., Meier, M. H., Ramrakha, S., Shalev, I., Poulton, R., et al. (2014) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702613497473 · Cited by 2,449 · see citing works
Varese, F., Smeets, F., Drukker, M., Lieverse, R., Lataster, T., Viechtbauer, W., Read, J., van Os, J., & Bentall, R. P. (2012) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbs050 · Cited by 2,436 · see citing works
van Os, J., Linscott, R. J., Myin-Germeys, I., Delespaul, P., & Krabbendam, L. (2009) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291708003814 · Cited by 2,343 · see citing works
Handbook of Modern Item Response Theory
van der Linden, W. J., & Hambleton, R. K. (1997) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-2691-6 · Cited by 2,331 · see citing works
Latent variable models: An introduction to factor, path, and structural analysis
John, C. (1987) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 2,128 · see citing works
Lichtenstein, P., Yip, B. H., Björk, C., Pawitan, Y., Cannon, T. D., Sullivan, P. F., & Hultman, C. M. (2009) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(09)60072-6 · Cited by 2,125 · see citing works
The Structure of Common Mental Disorders
Krueger, R. F. (1999) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.56.10.921 · Cited by 1,881 · see citing works
(1995) · International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research · Cited by 1,847 · see citing works
Lewis, G., Pelosi, A. J., Araya, R., & Dunn, G. (1992) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291700030415 · Cited by 1,487 · see citing works
Self-citationChild developmental risk factors for adult schizophrenia in the British 1946 birth cohort
JONES, P. (1994) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(94)90569-x · Cited by 1,353 · see citing works
Self-citationChildren's Self-Reported Psychotic Symptoms and Adult Schizophreniform Disorder
Poulton, R., Caspi, A., Moffitt, T. E., Cannon, M. D., Murray, R. M., & Harrington, H. (2000) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.57.11.1053 · Cited by 1,139 · see citing works
Identification of loci associated with schizophrenia by genome-wide association and follow-up
Molecular Genetics of Schizophrenia Collaboration, O'Donovan, M. C., Craddock, N., Norton, N., Williams, H., Peirce, T., Moskvina, V., Nikolov, I., Hamshere, M., Carroll, L., et al. (2008) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.201 · Cited by 1,070 · see citing works
Self-citationSpatz Widom, C., DuMont, K., & Czaja, S. J. (2007) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.64.1.49 · Cited by 1,059 · see citing works
Khandaker, G. M., Pearson, R. M., Zammit, S., Lewis, G., & Jones, P. B. (2014) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2014.1332 · Cited by 846 · see citing works
Self-citationLatent Variable Models: An Introduction to Factor, Path, and Structural Analysis
Wardrop, J. L., & Loehlin, J. C. (1987) · Journal of Educational Statistics · doi:10.2307/1165058 · Cited by 739 · see citing works
Kelleher, I., Connor, D., Clarke, M. C., Devlin, N. M., Harley, M., & Cannon, M. D. (2012) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291711002960 · Cited by 687 · see citing works
Selective drop-out in longitudinal studies and non-biased prediction of behaviour disorders
Dieter Wolke, C., Waylen, A. E., Samara, M. M., Steer, C. D., Goodman, R., Ford, T. J., & Lamberts, K. (2009) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.108.053751 · Cited by 628 · see citing works
Benros, M. E., Nielsen, P. R., Nordentoft, M., Eaton, W. W., Dalton, S. O., & Mortensen, P. B. (2011) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2011.11030516 · Cited by 582 · see citing works
Autoimmune Diseases and Severe Infections as Risk Factors for Mood Disorders: A Nationwide Study
Benros, M. E., Waltoft, B. L., Nordentoft, M., Østergaard, S. D., Eaton, W. W., Krogh, J., & Mortensen, P. B. (2013) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.1111 · Cited by 572 · see citing works
Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium, Green, E. K., Grozeva, D., Jones, I., Jones, L., Kirov, G., Caesar, S., Gordon-Smith, K., Fraser, C., Forty, L., et al. (2010) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2009.49 · Cited by 526 · see citing works
Kelleher, I., Keeley, H. S., Corcoran, P. E., Lynch, F., Fitzpatrick, C., Devlin, N. M., Molloy, C., Roddy, S., Clarke, M. C., Harley, M., et al. (2012) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.111.101543 · Cited by 443 · see citing works
Wigman, J. T. W., van Nierop, M., Vollebergh, W. A. M., Lieb, R., Beesdo-Baum, K., Wittchen, H.-U., & van Os, J. (2012) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbr196 · Cited by 392 · see citing works
Sharp, C., Goodyer, I. M., & Croudace, T. J. (2006) · Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10802-006-9027-x · Cited by 358 · see citing works
Self-citationA quantitative meta-analysis of population-based studies of premorbid intelligence and schizophrenia
Khandaker, G. M., Barnett, J. H., White, I. R., & Jones, P. B. (2011) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2011.06.017 · Cited by 304 · see citing works
Self-citationIQ and non-clinical psychotic symptoms in 12-year-olds: results from the ALSPAC birth cohort
Horwood, J., Salvi, G., Thomas, K., Duffy, L., Gunnell, D., Hollis, C., Lewis, G., Menezes, P., Thompson, A., Wolke, D., et al. (2008) · The British journal of psychiatry : the journal of mental science · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.108.051904 · Cited by 300 · see citing works
Self-citationVarghese, D., Scott, J. G., Welham, J., Bor, W., Najman, J. M., O'Callaghan, M. J., Williams, G. M., & McGrath, J. J. (2009) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbp083 · Cited by 273 · see citing works
Developmental Precursors of Affective Illness in a General Population Birth Cohort
van Os, J. (1997) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1997.01830190049005 · Cited by 272 · see citing works
Childhood infection and adult schizophrenia: A meta-analysis of population-based studies
Khandaker, G. M., Zimbron, J., Dalman, C., Lewis, G., & Jones, P. B. (2012) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2012.05.023 · Cited by 257 · see citing works
Self-citationEtiological and Clinical Features of Childhood Psychotic Symptoms
Polanczyk, G. V., Moffitt, T. E., Arseneault, L., Cannon, M. D., Ambler, A. P., Keefe, R. S. E., Houts, R., Odgers, C. L., & Caspi, A. (2010) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.14 · Cited by 247 · see citing works
Hierarchy of classes of personal illness
Foulds, G. A., & Bedford, A. (1975) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291700056452 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
How psychotic are individuals with non-psychotic disorders?
Hanssen, M., Peeters, F. P. M. L., A, L. K. M., Radstake, S., Verdoux, H., & van Os, J. (2003) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-003-0622-7 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Dimensions of neuroses seen in primary-care settings
Goldberg, D. P., Bridges, K. W., Duncan‐Jones, P., & Grayson, D. A. (1987) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291700025022 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
van Rossum, I., Dominguez, M.-D.-G., Lieb, R., Wittchen, H.-U., & van Os, J. (2011) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbp101 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Verdoux, H., van Os, J., Maurice-Tison, S., Gay, B., Salamon, R., & Bourgeois, M. L. (1999) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0010-440x(99)90091-3 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Nishida, A., Tanii, H., Nishimura, Y., Kajiki, N., Inoue, K., Okada, M., Sasaki, T., & Okazaki, Y. (2008) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2007.11.038 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Rössler, W., Hengartner, M. P., Ajdacic-Gross, V., Haker, H., Gamma, A., & Angst, J. (2011) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2011.06.019 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Hierarchical patterns in the distribution of psychiatric symptoms
Sturt, E. (1981) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291700041283 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Hui, C., Morcillo, C., Russo, D. A., Stochl, J., Shelley, G. F., Painter, M., Jones, P. B., & Perez, J. (2013) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2013.05.026 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Self-citationMasyn, K. E., Henderson, C. E., & Greenbaum, P. E. (2010) · Social Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9507.2009.00573.x · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Goodyer, I. M., Croudace, T. J., Dunn, V. J., Herbert, J., & Jones, P. B. (2009) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyp173 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Self-citationPsychotic symptoms in young people without psychotic illness: mechanisms and meaning
Murray, G. K., & Jones, P. B. (2012) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.111.107789 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Prevention of Schizophrenia--What Can We Learn From Eco-Epidemiology?
Kirkbride, J. B., & Jones, P. B. (2010) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbq120 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Self-citationA Life Course Approach to Mental Disorders
(2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199657018.001.0001 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Wigman, J. T. W., van Os, J., Abidi, L., Huibers, M. J. H., Roelofs, J., Arntz, A. R., Kelleher, I., & Peeters, F. P. M. L. (2013) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291713000871 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Longitudinal Associations between Adolescent Psychotic Experiences and Depressive Symptoms
Sullivan, S. A., Wiles, N., Kounali, D., Lewis, G., Heron, J., Cannon, M. D., Mahedy, L., Jones, P. B., Štochl, J., & Zammit, S. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0105758 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Self-citationKounali, D., Zammit, S., Wiles, N., Sullivan, S. A., Cannon, M. D., Štochl, J., Jones, P. B., Mahedy, L., Gage, S. H., Heron, J., et al. (2014) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291714000026 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Self-citationNicewander, W. A. (1993) · Psychometrika · doi:10.1007/bf02294477 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Schizophrenia and related psychosis
Khandaker, G. M., Clarke, M. C., Cannon, M. D., et al. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199657018.003.0006 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Grotzinger, A. D., Rhemtulla, M., de Vlaming, R., Ritchie, S. J., Mallard, T. T., Hill, W. D., Ip, H. F., Marioni, R. E., McIntosh, A. M., Deary, I. J., et al. (2019) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-019-0566-x · Cited by 958 · see citing works
A hierarchical causal taxonomy of psychopathology across the life span.
Lahey, B. B., Krueger, R. F., Rathouz, P. J., Waldman, I. D., & Zald, D. H. (2017) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000069 · Cited by 443 · see citing works
Teufel, C., Subramaniam, N., Dobler, V., Perez, J., Finnemann, J., Mehta, P. R., Goodyer, I. M., & Fletcher, P. C. (2015) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1503916112 · Cited by 308 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Bidirectional Associations Between Psychotic Experiences and DSM-IV Mental Disorders
McGrath, J. J., Saha, S., Al-Hamzawi, A., Andrade, L., Benjet, C., Bromet, E. J., Browne, M. O., Caldas de Almeida, J. M., Chiu, W. T., Demyttenaere, K., et al. (2016) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2016.15101293 · Cited by 235 · see citing works
Murray, A. L., Eisner, M., & Ribeaud, D. (2016) · Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10802-016-0132-1 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
The general factor of psychopathology
Smith, G. T., Atkinson, E. A., Davis, H. A., Riley, E. N., & Oltmanns, J. R. (2020) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-071119-115848 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Heritability of a General Psychopathology Factor in Children
Neumann, A., Pappa, I., Lahey, B. B., Verhulst, F. C., Medina-Gomez, C., Jaddoe, V. W., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., Moffitt, T. E., van IJzendoorn, M. H., & Tiemeier, H. (2016) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2016.09.498 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Shah, J. L., Jones, N., van Os, J., McGorry, P. D., & Gülöksüz, S. (2022) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(21)00467-3 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Genetic Associations Between Executive Functions and a General Factor of Psychopathology
Harden, K. P., Engelhardt, L. E., Mann, F. D., Patterson, M. W., Grotzinger, A. D., Savicki, S. L., Thibodeaux, M. L., Freis, S. M., Tackett, J. L., Church, J. A., et al. (2020) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2019.05.006 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Investigating the genetic architecture of general and specific psychopathology in adolescence
Jones, H. J., Heron, J., Hammerton, G., Stochl, J., Jones, P. B., Cannon, M., Smith, G. D., Holmans, P., Lewis, G., Linden, D. E. J., et al. (2018) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-018-0204-9 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Self-citationPsychotic Experiences and Working Memory: A Population-Based Study Using Signal-Detection Analysis
Rossi, R., Zammit, S., Button, K. S., Munafò, M. R., Lewis, G., & David, A. S. (2016) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0153148 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Self-citationDo depressive symptoms predict paranoia or vice versa?
Moritz, S., Göritz, A. S., McLean, B., Westermann, S., & Brodbeck, J. (2017) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2016.10.002 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Wiedemann, A., Stochl, J., Russo, D., Patel, U., Ashford, P.-A., Ali, N., Jones, P. B., & Perez, J. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2023.10.073 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citation
- Authors
- Stochl, J., Khandaker, G. M., Lewis, G., Perez, J., Goodyer, I. M., Zammit, S., Sullivan, S., Croudace, T. J., & Jones, P. B.
- Affiliations
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- University College London (GB)
- University of Bristol (GB)
- University of York (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Jones, P. B.
- Venue
- Psychological Medicine
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2014-11-14
- Volume
- 45
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 1483-1493
- ISSN
- 0033-2917 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-8978
- OpenAlex
- W2149783607
- Cited by
- 153
- References
- 61
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 13
- FWCI
- 8.65
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Discovery Research Portal (University of Dundee) (submittedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- ORCA Online Research @Cardiff (Cardiff University) (submittedVersion)
- Explore Bristol Research (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust (074296, 094790/Z/10/Z, 088869/Z/09/Z, 095844/Z/11/Z, 102215, 095844)
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (RP-PG-0606-1335)
- Medical Research Council (MR/M006727/1, MR/L010305/1, MC_PC_15018)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- psychotic experiences, depression, anxiety, bifactor model, latent factor structure, psychiatric morbidity, adolescent mental health, symptom severity, Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Anxiety, Depression, England, Female, Humans, Male, Psychotic Disorders, Cohort Studies
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
